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Publications
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The Triple Gap in Finance for Agrifood Systems
November 19, 2024Agrifood systems form the cornerstones of economies, societies, and ecosystems across the world, while also generating significant environmental costs. This report takes a systems-based approach to analyzing the investment needs of the agrifoods sector.
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IDFC Green Finance Mapping 2024
November 13, 2024Since 2011, the International Development Finance Club (IDFC), a group of 26 national and regional development banks with over USD 4 trillion in combined assets and annual commitments exceeding USD 800 billion, has conducted an annual mapping of member institutions’ green finance contributions.
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The Bioeconomy in the Lula Administration: Regulatory and Institutional Advances
November 11, 2024CPI/PUC-Rio and Amazon 2030 map and analyze Brazil’s regulatory frameworks and governance structures related to the bioeconomy, with a focus on the post-2023 period.
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Landscape of Climate Finance for Land Use in Brazil 2021–2023
November 6, 2024Researchers from Climate Policy Initiative/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro CPI/PUC-Rio quantify the financial flows directed toward agriculture and forests between 2021 and 2023 that are aligned with climate objectives.
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IDFC Guidance for Tracking Green Finance
November 1, 2024Two guidance documents to support International Development Finance Club members in tracking their green finance.
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Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2024
October 31, 2024The most comprehensive overview of global climate-related primary investment.
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Bottom-up Climate Finance Needs
Costanza Strinati, Caroline Alberti, Claris Parenti, Charles Baudry, Luke Patience, Ayush Sharma and Archie GrahamOctober 30, 2024CPI’s bottom-up climate finance needs analysis can help identify the largest gaps at the country level, track progress against climate targets, and better inform decision-makers and financial institutions on how to increase the speed, scale, and quality of climate finance.
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Settlements in Focus: Combating Deforestation and Conservation in the Amazon
CPI/PUC-Rio and Amazon 2030 analize the high concentration of deforestation in a small group of rural settlements in the Amazon.
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State of European Pension Funds’ Net-Zero Transition
Valerio Micale, Shengzi Li, Nikita Marini, Eddie Dilworth, Harsha Vishnumolakala, Tinglu Zhang, Jatin Kudavelly and Li ChengOctober 24, 2024This report presents an analysis of data from the Climate Policy Initiative’s Net Zero Finance Tracker (NZFT) to explore the progress of 342 European pension funds on targets, implementation, and impact for net zero.
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Landscape of Climate Finance in Africa 2024
Chavi Meattle, Anna Balm, Jose E. Diaz, Gaoyi Miao, Sean Stout, Ishrita Gupta, Sasha Abraham, Alfred Sloley and Dharshan WignarajahOctober 22, 2024The most comprehensive overview of climate investment flows in Africa.
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Cutting Down the (Hydropower) Plants: How the Amazon Deforestation is Jeopardizing Electricity Generation in Brazil
October 17, 2024CPI/PUC-Rio and Amazônia 2030 analyze the impact of changes in rainfall patterns caused by deforestation on national electricity generation.
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Accelerating Sustainable Finance for Emerging Markets and Developing Economies
October 17, 2024As the pace of climate change accelerates and its impacts rise across the globe, the urgency of responding at scale to the magnitude of the climate and environmental challenge is increasingly clear. This review of the Vertical Climate and Environmental Funds has been prepared by the Independent High-Level Expert Group appointed by the Brazilian G20 Presidency and the G20 Sustainable Finance Working Group.
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Understanding Global Concessional Climate Finance 2024
Baysa Naran, Tinglu Zhang and Ishrita GuptaOctober 14, 2024Concessional capital—finance offered at more favorable terms than the market—must increase by at least fivefold by 2030 to achieve the Paris goals. This new report sets a baseline for understanding global concessional climate finance and unlocking further capital for action.
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The State of Global Air Quality Funding 2024
October 10, 2024The only global analysis of funding from international development donors to tackle air pollution.
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The Energy Transition Opportunity: Emerging Green Jobs in Jharkhand
October 4, 2024Jharkhand’s energy transition offers a significant chance to reshape its employment landscape, potentially creating thousands of green jobs across clean power, mobility, and green molecules sectors. This Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) report outlines two scenarios—Ambitious Policy Scenario (APS) and Accelerated Green Transition Scenario (AGTS)—projecting green job creation by 2030. With robust policies and investment. The report emphasizes strategic investments in green industries, skills development, and fostering industry-academia partnerships.
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Amazon Food&Forest Bioeconomy Financing Initiative
October 3, 2024The Amazon Food&Forest Bioeconomy Financing Initiative provides financial support through a fintech platform that aims to enhance the bankability of local regenerative businesses.
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Growth Next-Generation Agriculture (GAN)
Moya Connelly, William Wallock and Phillipe KaferOctober 3, 2024Growth Next-Generation Agriculture (GAN) is a climate resilience debt fund accelerating Brazil’s transition to regenerative agriculture. It works through financing the purchase of biological inputs by farmers from local small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
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InvestHer Climate Resilience Bond
October 3, 2024The InvestHER Climate Resilience Bond promotes CSA practices and gender mainstreaming by improving access to credit for women-led or owned agri-SMEs and providing technical assistance to enhance their impact on women farmers.
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Clean Utilities for Affordable Housing
Megan Sager and Justin Standish-WhiteOctober 3, 2024Clean Utilities for Affordable Housing expands access to renewable energy for low-income households by partnering with landlords and using credit enhancement strategies to attract large-scale commercial capital.
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Resilient Municipal Market Fund (ReMark)
October 3, 2024ReMark’s blended finance facility supports municipal markets across Africa to build urban infrastructure resilience, reduce food waste, improve food security, safeguard vulnerable livelihoods, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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CoolPact Capital India Fund
Arun Krishnan and Aanandita SikkaOctober 3, 2024The Sustana Cooling India Fund will invest USD 100m in early-stage cooling solutions in India. The country’s first blended capital equity fund focused exclusively on cooling de-risks and scales innovative cooling technologies, addressing climate change and UN Sustainable Development Goals
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Structured Finance for Nature
Norman Tilos, Benjamin Thomas and Ishrita GuptaOctober 3, 2024Structured Finance for Nature (SFN) stacks green bonds to finance a diversified portfolio of natural assets, with 60% dedicated to protecting intact ecosystems.
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The Landbanking Group
Amanda Lonsdale, Jide Olutoke and Holly PageOctober 3, 2024The Landbanking Group (TLG) has created a new methodology for valuing nature and a market mechanism (Nature Equity Assets) to allow direct investment into natural capital stocks – biodiversity, carbon, soil, and water.
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SPV for Silvopasture Scaling
María Ruiz Sierra, Guillermo Martinez and Joshua DoyleOctober 3, 2024This special purpose vehicle (SPV) enables the adoption of more sustainable practices that lead to reduced emissions, increased carbon sequestration, and the recovery of degraded land, and contribute to greater income generation for medium-sized farms and enhanced climate resilience.
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Regenera Ventures Fund
October 3, 2024Regenera Ventures invests, mainly through redeemable equity, in companies within the agriculture, forestry, ecotourism, rural management, and food systems sector in Mexico.
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Partnering to Finance Adaptation
This report advances the understanding of collaboration between public development banks—multilateral, regional and local—on adaptation finance in emerging markets and developing economies.
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A Decade of Climate Finance Innovation: Impact Lessons from the Lab
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Tracking and Mobilizing Private Sector Climate Adaptation Finance
September 25, 2024The lack of data on private adaptation finance creates significant uncertainty regarding progress on addressing climate vulnerabilities and leaves decision makers without critical information on where they should target additional investments. CPI has developed a methodological and data approach to improve tracking of private sector adaptation finance. These efforts have significantly increased the amount of private adaptation finance tracked.
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2024 State of Cities Climate Finance
September 24, 2024The 2024 State of Cities Climate Finance report (SCCFR) provides the most comprehensive assessment of urban climate flows and needs globally. It aims to inform action on mobilizing finance for city-level climate action at scale by 2030.
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The Impact of Brazil’s ABC Program Credit on Pasture Recovery: Evidence from the Cerrado
September 18, 2024To better understand and increase the effectiveness of investments in pasture recovery, researchers from CPI/PUC-RIO evaluated the ABC Recuperação credit line, Brazil’s main policy instrument used to promote restoration in recent years.
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Following the Money: Financing Bioeconomy in Brazil
September 12, 2024New study by CPI/PUC-Rio shows the mapping of finance flows for bioeconomy in Brazil from 2021 to 2023.
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Financing a Sustainable Global Bioeconomy
September 12, 202420 civil society organizations analyzed the global landscape for financing bioeconomy in a global scale, with the purpose of supporting the G20’s Global Initiative for Bioeconomy.
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Toolbox on Financing Nature-Based Solutions
September 12, 2024This report supports the G20’s Sustainable Finance Working Group (SFWG), identifying three levers to boost investments in Nature-Based Solutions.
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A Roadmap for Green and Transition Finance in India
September 11, 2024The green transition has become crucial for global economies, with governments, regulators, and the private sector implementing strategies to reduce emissions and foster green opportunities. However, the financing landscape is skewed toward mitigation sectors like renewable energy and transport, leaving hard-to-abate sectors underfunded despite their substantial carbon-removal potential.
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Managing Currency Risk to Catalyze Climate Finance
August 27, 2024This report explores innovative approaches to managing currency risks in order to catalyze climate finance in emerging markets and developing economies.
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Carbon Rating Framework
The Carbon Rating Framework is envisioned as a tool to facilitate transition finance by providing a standardized method to evaluate and compare the carbon intensity of companies. It could serve as a valuable input for financial institutions, helping them to channel capital more effectively towards projects that contribute to the global climate goals. The paper highlights areas for future research, including the potential expansion of the framework to include Scope 3 emissions and other environmental factors, as well as how credit rating agencies and banks might adopt and adapt the framework.
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Just Transition to Zero-Emission Trucking in India
The “Just Transition to Zero-Emission Trucking in India” report explores the challenges and opportunities of shifting to battery-electric trucks.
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Blended Finance and the Gender-Energy Nexus: A Stocktaking Report
Ayesha Bery, Robin Ivory, Ishwari Sawant, Ilsa Weinstein-Wright, William Wallock, Rosaly Byrd, Jide Olutoke and Yihan WangJuly 30, 2024 -
Halting Deforestation through Finance: Regulatory Mapping of the Central Bank of Brazil
Priscila Souza, Mariana Stussi and Maria Fernanda ContrerasJuly 22, 2024Researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio conducted a comprehensive study on the BCB’s sustainability initiatives to assess the bank’s efforts to combat deforestation and conversion.
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Assessing Enabling Framework Conditions for Urban Climate Finance
July 17, 2024This series presents tools to enhance urban governments’ access to climate finance by assessing national enabling framework conditions. It also includes findings from our pilot applications in India and Indonesia, where the CCFLA/UrbanAct National Assessment Tool was used to evaluate countries’ national-level EFCs and their effectiveness in mobilizing subnational climate finance.
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Credit Where It’s Due: Unearthing the Relationship between Rural Credit Subsidies and Deforestation
Researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio analyze the amount of subsidized rural credit associated with deforestation in Brazil, providing unpublished property-level data.
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CCFLA: 2023 Impact Report
July 4, 2024Learn about CCFLA’s 2023 impact in closing the investment gap for urban subnational climate projects and infrastructure worldwide.
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Approaches to meeting the Paris Agreement goals
July 2, 2024This report aims to provide clarity on two broad Paris alignment approaches and their relevance to public development banks (PDBs). It also presents a practical understanding of the methods and tools available to facilitate the implementation of an impactful and pragmatic Paris alignment approach.
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Sustentabilidade no Plano Safra 2024/2025
June 6, 2024Recomendações do CPI/PUC-Rio para o Plano Safra 2024/2025.
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CCFLA Central Asia Hub: Scaling up project preparation and finance for net zero carbon buildings in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
June 4, 2024Scaling up net zero carbon buildings (NZCBs) is critical to meeting Central Asia’s climate mitigation goals. Buildings account for up to 70-80% of total emissions from Central Asian cities’ buildings, transport, and waste sectors combined.
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Top-down Climate Finance Needs
Costanza Strinati, Caroline Alberti, Ben Melling and Charles BaudryMay 31, 2024CPI collects and standardizes data on climate finance needs from a wide variety of scenarios to provide a comprehensive and unique understanding of the scale of the climate finance gaps in different sectors.
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Brazilian Sustainable Taxonomy: Inputs for Classifying Land Use Activities
Wagner Faria de Oliveira, Gabriela Coser, Carolina Moniz de Moura and Priscila SouzaMay 6, 2024Seeking to contribute to the construction of the Brazilian Sustainable Taxonomy, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio analyzed the intersections and complementarities between the main initiatives to define land use sustainability in Brazil.
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Preliminary Stocktake of G20 Strategies and Practices: a contribution to the Brazilian G20 Presidency's Global Initiative on Bioeconomy
May 6, 2024This Global Stocktake objective is to provide a preliminary stocktake of how G20 members are advancing the bioeconomy, as a basis for facilitating members’ learning and engagement, enabling G20 members’ action, and increasing cooperation in areas of common interest.
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Discussion Paper: Financing Industrial Decarbonization - Challenges and Solutions for India’s Iron and Steel Sector
This research underscores the need for increased global finance and proposes policy interventions to promote climate-aligned investment, particularly in high-emission sectors like iron and steel.
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Strengthening Climate Finance Delivery: The Path from Brazil’s G20 Presidency to COP30
April 12, 2024Report organized jointly with iCS, CEBRI and CONCITO provides recommendations to guide the international dialogue on climate finance and actions for the Brazilian government within the context of the G20.
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The (Lack of) Control of Legal Deforestation in MATOPIBA: Regulation and Governance of Authorizations for the Suppression of Vegetation
March 14, 2024CPI/PUC-Rio provides three recommendations to enhance legal deforestation control in the Matopiba region.
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Plataforma da Governança do Desmatamento Legal e da Reposição/Compensação Florestal
March 14, 2024Plataforma que reúne informações e análises sobre a governança do desmatamento legal e da reposição/compensação florestal.
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Forest Restoration in Brazil: Essential Factors for Promoting Restoration at Scale
The new publication from CPI/PUC-Rio analyzes where, how, and why to promote the restoration of forests and other forms of vegetation, identifying three essential factors to drive large-scale restoration in Brazil.
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Financing Green Buildings in Indonesian Cities
March 6, 2024This report is the third of a three-part series by CCFLA to promote a better understanding of the financing barriers and solutions for implementing net zero carbon buildings. It assesses the current use of financial instruments that can promote the development of Indonesia’s green buildings sector. It also explores how national and subnational regulatory frameworks can address the identified barriers to private and public investment.
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Public Financial Institutions' Climate Commitments: 2023 Update
February 28, 2024This report examines PFIs’ approaches, commitments, and actions on climate finance in order to help identify gaps and opportunities for further action. In addition to tracking the commitments of largest PFIs, CPI has reviewed the climate strategies of 49 micro- to medium-sized PFIs in emerging markets and developing economies to identify examples of best practices.
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Landscape of Guarantees for Climate Finance in EMDEs
February 22, 2024Cross-border guarantees are an important but underused tool for leveraging private capital in climate finance, particularly for emerging markets and developing economies. CPI conducted a comprehensive scoping analysis to gain a baseline understanding of the global landscape of guarantees. These instruments were analyzed based on financial instrument coverage, sector and climate focus, geographic reach, and types of risk coverage.
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Financing Adaptation in India
Aanandita Sikka, Labanya Prakash Jena, Malini Chakravarty and Uma PalFebruary 21, 2024India faces heightened vulnerability to climate change repercussions, given its diverse geography and socio-economic conditions. This report assesses India’s adaptation approach, scrutinizes the policy landscape, evaluates state-level investment needs, and explores avenues to bridge funding gaps through public and private finance.
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Harnessing the transformative potential of the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund
Michelle Lee, Matthew Solomon, Chris Grant, Bella Tonkonogy, Jide Olutoke and Stewart Sarkozy-BanoczyJanuary 31, 2024This report recommends actions to boost the impact and long-term sustainability of the USD 27 billion U.S. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund. Building on CPI’s assessment of the needs, barriers, and opportunities for the fund, it explores how to take advantage of the transformational opportunity to accelerate progress on climate justice in the United States.
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U.S. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund investment needs data map
This data map displays estimated investment needs in Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund priority project categories and in each U.S. census tract, in order for the country to reach net zero GHG emissions by 2050.
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California Landscape of Climate Finance
January 29, 2024To support California in meeting its climate goals and using its budget most effectively, CPI created this first-of-its-kind landscape of climate finance in California.
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Just Energy Transition: Economic Implications for Jharkhand
As part of CPI’s Facilitating Finance for a Just Transition initiative, this report examines the annual financial implications of energy transition for stakeholders in the state of Jharkhand, India. The report builds on previous work findings that Jharkhand is among the mineral rich states likely to face the most adverse short-term impacts of an energy transition.
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Net Zero Carbon Buildings in Cities: Interdependencies between Policy and Finance
December 21, 2023This report offers initial findings on the general challenges and mechanisms behind the transition towards a net zero carbon buildings sector, helping shed light on concrete pathways cities can implement to decarbonize the building sector.
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Climate-Aligned Investments in Indonesia's Financial Sector
Our latest tracking of climate finance within Indonesia’s financial sector breaks down contributions from both public and private financial institutions, as well as identifies opportunities to further scale up climate-aligned invetsment and mainstream the principle of sustainability into investment flow.
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Climate Finance in Ghana
This brief examines the lifecycle of climate finance in Ghana.
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Where Does Brazil Stand with the Implementation of the Forest Code? A Snapshot of CAR and PRA in Brazilian States - 2023 Edition
Cristina Leme Lopes, Maria Eduarda Segovia and Joana ChiavariDecember 18, 2023This publication is part of a project to permanently monitor the implementation of the Forest Code in Brazilian states, with contributions from environmental and agricultural bodies at the state level.
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State and Trends in Climate Adaptation Finance 2023
Dharshan Wignarajah, Morgan Richmond, Sean Stout, Guillermo Martinez, Ken Schell-Smith and Rajashree PadmanabhiDecember 14, 2023This report, published with GCA, covers global status and trends of adaptation finance.
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Enhancing MDB-NDB cooperation: Understanding climate finance flows and Paris alignment
Neil Chin, Elena Bagnera and Nicole PinkoDecember 4, 2023This report aims to establish an understanding of the state of both climate finance flows and climate mainstreaming across public development banks. It also presents recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness and frequency of MDB–NDB engagement on climate finance, as well as ecosystem-wide progress on climate mainstreaming.
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Net Zero Finance Tracker
December 4, 2023The NZFT is a first-of-its-kind collaborative and interactive data platform that aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of how private financial institutions are progressing on their climate commitments and delivering impact on the ground.
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NZFT: Methodology and data sources
December 3, 2023Download the Net Zero Finance Tracker methodology and list of data sources.
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IDFC Green Finance Mapping 2023
In 2022, IDFC members reported a record high of USD 288 billion in total green finance commitments, a 29% increase from 2021.
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Barômetro do Código Florestal no Legislativo
November 30, 2023O Barômetro do Código Florestal no Legislativo, uma iniciativa do Climate Policy Iniative/ Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (CPI/PUC-Rio), mede a pressão para alteração do Código Florestal por meio de projetos de lei (PLs) em tramitação no Congresso Nacional.
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Landscape of Methane Abatement Finance 2023
November 30, 2023The latest insights on global methane abatement finance covering trends in 2021 and 2022
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The South African Climate Finance Landscape 2023
November 29, 2023The report aims to provide consistent information on current climate investments in South Africa to highlight existing gaps, spotlight opportunities, and provide a foundation to mobilize and scale climate finance.
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2023 Lab Impact Report
November 27, 2023Since its inception in 2014, the Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance (the Lab) has launched 68 innovative climate solutions that have collectively mobilized over USD 4 billion in sustainable investment for emerging markets. The Lab has established a pipeline of fundable ideas that strategically leverage public finance to mobilize private investments in challenging sectors and regions.
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Governance of Forest Concessions in the Amazon: Opportunities for Improvement Based on Evidence in Pará
Analysis of the evolution of forest concessions in the Amazon allows for the recommendation of new governance structure for concessions in the Amazon region.
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Accelerating Urban Climate Finance in Low- and Middle- Income Countries: An important strategic dimension of MDB reform
Priscilla Negreiros, Elena Bagnera, Hamza Abdullah, John Michael LaSalle, Neil Chin, Arthur Vieira and Bella TonkonogyNovember 22, 2023This report presents the first assessment of ten MDBs’ contributions to urban climate finance in L&MICs and explores opportunities for them to do more.
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The Climate Finance Gap for Small-Scale Agrifood Systems
November 22, 2023This report complements our recent Landscape of Climate Finance for Agrifood Systems publication by examining the climate finance going specifically to small-scale agrifood systems.
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The Energy Transition Dialogues Communique
This communique serves to address the pressing challenges in accessing financing for clean energy and endeavors to pave the way for an enabling mechanism that will galvanize the flow of capital into the clean energy sector.
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Innovative Mechanisms for Forest Compensation in Brazilian MATOPIBA
November 16, 2023The new CPI/PUC-Rio publication analyzes the main modalities of forest compensation in Brazilian MATOPIBA, identifying state and federal policies.
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Powering India’s Future: Towards a People-Positive Energy Transition
“Transition Finance: Supporting India’s Net-Zero Goals” delineates the importance of transition finance and explores innovative financial solutions that can facilitate India’s ambitious journey towards net-zero.
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Estimating the Spatial Amplification of Damage Caused by Degradation in the Amazon
Rafael Araujo, Juliano Assunção and José Alexandre ScheinkmanNovember 13, 2023CPI researchers published a paper at PNAS estimating the damage caused by degradation in the Amazon.
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Um Modelo Operacional Inovador para as Instituições Financeiras Internacionais do Século XXI
November 13, 2023O Climate Policy Initiative produziu um relatório que apresenta produtos e processos para a implementação mais eficaz do financiamento climático para os mercados emergentes e as economias em desenvolvimento.
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Amazônia 2030: Bases para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável
November 9, 2023O livro do projeto Amazônia 2030 que tem como objetivo propor soluções para o desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental da Amazônia brasileira.
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Family Farming in Brazil: Inequalities in Credit Access
Researchers from the CPI/PUC-Rio reveal that the access to credit for family farmers in Brazil is both limited and unequal.
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Green Investment Opportunities in India
While the high-level numbers on climate investments required in India are well acknowledged, this report is an attempt by Impact Investors Council (IIC) and Climate Policy Initiative (CPI), to delve deeper and identify climate-oriented sectors in both mitigation and adaptation which offer potential investment opportunities across green value chains in products, technologies, and services. With the right set of enabling policies and incentives, these critical climate investment sectors have the potential to scale up significantly.
This report endeavours to provide adequate investment information to global strategic and financial investors on the scale of green investment opportunities in India. -
Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023
Barbara Buchner, Baysa Naran, Rajashree Padmanabhi, Sean Stout, Costanza Strinati, Dharshan Wignarajah, Gaoyi Miao, Jake Connolly and Nikita MariniNovember 2, 2023The most comprehensive overview of global climate-related primary investment
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Inclusive Climate Finance: Improving Access for Marginalized Populations in Indonesia
Fatihatul Nurfitriani and Muhammad Ery WijayaOctober 29, 2023This report, developed in partnership with Hivos Indonesia, aims to assess the current climate finance landscape in Indonesia and explore possible ways in which climate finance can be mobilized to target the marginalized populations.
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Combate à Grilagem de Terras na Amazônia: O Papel do Poder Judiciário
Cristina Leme Lopes, Gabriel Cozendey and Anna Maria Bezerra de Mello CárcamoOctober 19, 2023Nova publicação do CPI/PUC-Rio analisa qual o papel do Poder Judiciário no combate à grilagem de terras públicas, considerando tanto a sua competência para julgar ações judiciais e promover a resolução de conflitos quanto para exercer a fiscalização e o controle administrativo dos cartórios.
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Proposal for a Global Credit Guarantee Facility
Kushagra Gautam, Dhruba Purkayastha and Vikram WidgeOctober 13, 2023A discussion paper that outlines three approaches for a potential Global Credit Guarantee Fund (GCGF) that could significantly lower the cost of capital for renewable energy investment in emerging economies.
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2022 Impact Report
October 9, 2023Highlights of our 2022 work, from adaptation and cities, to energy and just transition.
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Financing Net Zero Carbon Buildings in Nigeria
October 5, 2023This report is part of a three-part series led by CCFLA to promote an understanding of financing barriers to net zero carbon building and identifies how national, state, and local policy and regulatory frameworks can be improved to drive private and public investment in this sector.
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Brazilian Environmental Policies and the New European Union Regulation for Deforestation-Free Products: Opportunities and Challenges
Cristina Leme Lopes, Joana Chiavari and Maria Eduarda SegoviaOctober 3, 2023Researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio analyzed how brazilian environmental policies dialogue with the European Union Deforestation-Free Regulation.
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The Next Phase of Indonesia Green Taxonomy: Transition Finance to Support Decarbonization
October 2, 2023Indonesia must make a rapid transition to decarbonization while maintaining economic resilience. We outlined key considerations and steps to adopt transition finance into the next iteration of Indonesia green taxonomy.
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Video: Landscape of Climate Finance for Land Use in Brazil
October 2, 2023Watch the video to learn about the climate finance flows for land use in Brazil.
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Low-Carbon Agriculture Transition Mechanism
September 28, 2023The Low-Carbon Agriculture Transition Mechanism offers small- and medium-sized Brazilian farmers long-term loans while guaranteeing a minimum income and technical assistance, accelerating climate transition in agriculture.
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Impact Financing Facility for Climate-Focused Social Enterprises
The Impact Financing Facility for Climate-Focused Social Enterprises is a credit guarantee mechanism augmented by technical assistance that helps innovative, new to-credit climate-focused social enterprises and their end users unlock collateral-free commercial debt, build a credit history, and scale operations to create greater impact.
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Lendable Decarbonization Fund
September 28, 2023The Lendable Decarbonization Fund pioneers sustainability-linked loan solutions, reduces costs, boosts transparency using MRV tech, and supports carbon project preparation where appropriate.
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Climate Resilient Landscape Finance
September 28, 2023Climate Resilient Landscape Finance is an innovative concessional debt facility combining microfinance, private debt, and technical assistance to address the underlying challenges to long-term sustainable, climate-resilient land management in and around African conservancies.
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Catalyst Climate Resilience Fund
September 28, 2023The Catalyst Climate Resilience Fund is the leading impact fund and accelerator supporting pre-seed tech startups that are building a climate resilient future in Africa.
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Social Infra Ventures
Amanda Lonsdale and Elena BagneraSeptember 28, 2023Social Infra Ventures is a first-of-its-kind rental and for sale gender-responsive green affordable housing platform in Northern Africa.
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The State of Global Air Quality Funding 2023
September 28, 2023The only global analysis of funding from international development donors to tackle air pollution.
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Combatting Deforestation Portfolio
September 26, 2023Discover the publications in CPI/PUC-Rio combatting deforestation portfolio.
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Agriculture Portfolio
September 26, 2023Discover the publications in CPI/PUC-Rio agriculture portfolio.
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The Role of Coal in a Sustainable Energy Mix for India
The chapter looks at financing transition technologies from the perspective of financial institutions. It attempts to think through the concept of transition finance and discusses the current definition and emerging regulations in the field.
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The Role of Coal in a Sustainable Energy Mix for India
The chapter evaluates the transition linked to financial risk and proposes a business diversification framework for the PSUs engaged primarily in the business of solid fossil mining (Coal India Limited) and conventional power generation (NTPC Limited). The business diversification framework considers technology maturity, market potential, and financial attractiveness to develop competing investment scenarios. This analysis is aimed at supporting medium to long-term business planning for the futureproofing of these PSUs.
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How big is the net zero finance gap?
September 25, 2023In partnership with Allen & Overy, CPI assessed the scale of the financing needed to decarbonize the global economy across a range of sectors and technologies.
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Carbon and the Fate of the Amazon
Juliano Assunção and José Alexandre ScheinkmanSeptember 21, 2023The carbon market is an efficient strategy in combating the climate crisis in Brazil, with global impacts to change the vocation of the forest, avoiding the tipping point.
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The Corporate Climate Finance Playbook
September 19, 2023In partnership with Salesforce, CPI developed this corporate climate finance playbook to help corporate decision makers accelerate climate finance strategies.
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Landscape of Climate Finance for Land Use in Brazil
Joana Chiavari, Priscila Souza, Gabriela Coser and Renan FloriasSeptember 18, 2023CPI/PUC-Rio conducted an unprecedented tracking exercise to quantify the climate-aligned financial flows directed to land use in Brazil.
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Preserving the Amazon: Strategies to Reduce Deforestation in Rural Settlements
João Mourão, Marcelo Sessim and Priscila SouzaSeptember 12, 2023This publication analyzes deforestation in settlements in the Amazon between 2012 and 2022, suggesting priority areas for government action to combat deforestation in the reigon.
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Accelerating Adaptation Finance – Africa and Global Perspectives
September 5, 2023This brief highlights the need to dramatically increase the amount and efficacy of adaptation financing to Africa. It also spotlights the persistent challenges related to adaptation finance flows, and priority actions needed to address them.
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Julgamento no STF Impacta o Código Florestal: O Critério de Identidade Ecológica Pode Ser Estendido para Todas as Formas de Compensação de Reserva Legal
Cristina Leme Lopes, Maria Eduarda Segovia and Joana ChiavariAugust 31, 2023A nota apresenta a contradição sobre a compensação de reserva legal apresentada na decisão do Supremo, os principais elementos do voto do Ministro relator Luiz Fux e os principais impactos que a decisão dos embargos da declaração pode ter para o Código.
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Implementing the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund: Investment needs, barriers, and opportunities
Chris Grant, Bella Tonkonogy, Jessica Liston, Maranda Duffie, Michelle Lee, Ashlee Thomas and Stewart Sarkozy-BanoczyAugust 24, 2023CPI is undertaking a project to provide baseline data and neutral analysis to inform effective applications for, and subsequent deployment of, GGRF funds.
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Brazilian Agricultural Mitigation and Adaptation Policies: Towards Just Transition
This study presents a policy map for climate mitigation and adaptation in Brazilian agriculture, identifying the government agencies responsible for implementation and the presence of elements of social and economic justice within each policy.
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What is the Climate Risk for Rural Producers in the Caatinga? Challenges for a Rural Just Transition
Amanda de Albuquerque, Pablo Castro and Juliano AssunçãoAugust 17, 2023The study evaluates agricultural vulnerability to drought events in the Caatinga, analyzing the climatic risk to which rural producers in the region are exposed.
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The Net Zero Alignment of Indonesia’s Power Sector Finance
Our latest tracking of Indonesia power sector finance examines renewable energy capacity and financing gaps, as well as opportunities to better align the country’s power sector finance with its NZE 2060 commitment.
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Contributions to Sustainability in the Brazilian Agricultural Plan 2023/24
August 10, 2023In this study, CPI/PUC-Rio researchers contributed, in partnership with Coalizão Brasil and Agroicone, with proposals to boost sustainability in the 2023/24 Agricultural Plan.
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Video: The Amazon Domino Effect
August 8, 2023In this video, CPI/PUC-Rio presents the results of the Amazon Domino Effect, that can lead to a tipping point.
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Oportunidades e Desafios para a Reposição Florestal na Amazônia e no Cerrado
Com o objetivo de avaliar desafios e oportunidades das normas sobre Reposição Florestal, o CPI/PUC-Rio analisou as legislações florestais dos estados da Amazônia e do Cerrado.
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Landscape of Climate Finance for Agrifood Systems
July 31, 2023This report presents the first comprehensive analysis of climate finance flowing to agrifood systems globally.
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Financial Instruments Portfolio
Discover the publications in CPI/PUC-Rio Rural Credit Portfolio.
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Vídeo: Rios Voadores da Amazônia
July 10, 2023Neste vídeo, o CPI/PUC-Rio explica o que são os rios voadores e o ciclo da água em uma floresta tropical.
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The Amazon Domino Effect: How Deforestation Can Trigger Widespread Degradation
Researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio present unprecedented results on the impacts of deforestation in different regions of the forest. They identify that, on average, for every 100 trees deforested, 22 additional trees die in regions distant from the deforestation due to lack of water.
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Implementação do Código Florestal em Roraima: Redução de Reserva Legal de 80% para 50% Pode Acelerar o Desmatamento no Estado
Mudança na política florestal coloca Roraima na contramão das metas climáticas nacionais de redução do desmatamento e de promoção de incentivos para a conservação da floresta.
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Cost of Capital for Renewable Energy Investments in Developing Economies
Kushagra Gautam, Dhruba Purkayastha and Vikram WidgeJune 21, 2023A credit guarantee facility could help address cost-of-capital issues for renewable energy, allowing countries with high solar potential to significantly increase their installed capacity.
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Toward Accelerating Climate Finance: Forging a New Partnership between the Global South and the Global North
This policy brief presents ways through which G7 countries can help bridge the climate finance gap and provide much-needed assistance to emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) as well as least developed countries (LDCs) for climate action.
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An Innovative IFI Operating Model for the 21st Century
June 6, 2023A collection of resources to help guide international financial institutions’ ability to mobilize significantly larger volumes of climate finance
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Improving Local Enabling Conditions for Private Sector Climate Investments in Cities
Barriers to private urban climate investments can be found at the macro, city, and project levels. This Report explores the barriers, good practice lessons, and recommendations to improve local enabling conditions to attract private sector capital to support climate investments in cities of emerging economies.
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Ação Proposta pelo Agro no STF Ameaça Importante Ferramenta de Combate à Grilagem no Brasil
Cristina Leme Lopes, Gabriel Cozendey and Anna Maria Bezerra de Mello CárcamoMay 30, 2023A nova publicação do CPI/PUC-Rio alerta que um importante instrumento de combate à grilagem de terras no Brasil está ameaçado. A CNA apresentou uma ação judicial junto ao STF questionando a constitucionalidade da Lei nº 6.739/1979 que permite o cancelamento de títulos fraudulentos.
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Salvemos o CAR!
Confira a nova publicação do CPI/PUC-Rio que analisa os retrocessos da aprovação da MP nº 1154 para o Código Florestal.
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MP Nº 1150/2022: Texto Aprovado no Senado Impacta Alinhamento do Crédito Rural com Combate ao Desmatamento
May 24, 2023A MP nº 1150/2022 ameaça as iniciativas de instituições financeiras de combate ao desmatamento ilegal. O texto em votação vai na contramão da tendência nacional e internacional de alinhamento do crédito com critérios de sustentabilidade ambiental.
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Technical Brief: Vulnerability Assessment of Mineral-Rich States to Energy Transition
Securing a just transition is critical to minimize the impacts on all stakeholders associated with the domestic production and consumption of these solid fossil fuel resources. This brief helps rank states based on their vulnerability to an energy transition.
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Financial Aggregation Blueprints for Urban Climate Infrastructure
May 15, 2023This report helps mainstream municipal financial aggregation by expanding the evidence base for successful case studies. It aims to provide cities and CCFLA members with detailed “how-to” guidance that can be used as a reference when developing their financial aggregation instruments.
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Fighting Deforestation in the Amazon: Strategic Coordination and Priorities for Federal and State Governments
In this study, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio analyze deforestation and land tenure within the Amazon biome to identify critical areas for public authorities to address in each territory.
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Policy Brief: Policies and Enabling Environment to Drive Private Investments for Industrial Decarbonization in India
This brief aims to support policymakers in making informed decisions and prioritize actions that can drive climate-aligned private investments to bridge the financing gap for low-carbon development of industries in India.
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Impact and Highlights from CPI's Climate Finance Tracking Program
Our 2022 Highlights and Impact Report outlines the impact and key milestones achieved by our climate finance tracking workstream in 2022.
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Onde Estamos na Implementação do Código Florestal? Radiografia do CAR e do PRA nos Estados Brasileiros - Edição 2022
Cristina Leme Lopes, Lourdes de Alcantara Machado and Joana ChiavariApril 14, 2023O relatório apresenta uma radiografia inédita da implementação do Código Florestal nos estados brasileiros, com dados atualizados de 2022. É a quarta edição do Onde Estamos, medindo o progresso anual do Código e consolidando o balanço dos últimos 10 anos.
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Challenges of Rural Insurance in the Context of Climate Change: the Case of Soybeans
April 10, 2023To contribute to a better understanding of climate risk and the design of public policies for agricultural risk management, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio examined rural insurance in Brazil, analyzing the coverage of this financial instrument for soybeans, the main insured crop.
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Discussion Paper: An Innovative IFI Operating Model for the 21st Century
April 6, 2023This paper lays out key products and processes that need to be introduced, reformed, and/or scaled to effectively deploy new volumes of climate finance, focusing on multilateral development banks.
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Quem é Quem na Transição Rural Justa?
April 5, 2023A transição para uma agricultura de baixa emissão de carbono é fundamental para uma produção agropecuária sustentável. Mas isso, por si só, não garante uma transição justa.
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Supporting Access to Climate Finance for Small and Intermediary Cities: A Guide for Project Preparation Facilities
March 30, 2023This guide focuses on the role of Project Preparation Facilities (PPFs) in helping municipal governments and other public sector entities in small and intermediary cities unlock greater access to finance for climate infrastructure projects.
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De Olhos Abertos na MP nº 1.150/2022 que Altera as Regras de Adesão ao Programa de Regularização Ambiental (PRA)
Análise do texto dos dois relatórios sobre a MP nº 1150/2022 identifica que, caso o primeiro relatório seja aprovado, sem emendas, não haverá prejuízos na implementação do Código Florestal. Por outro lado, o segundo relatório traz insegurança jurídica, e ainda há um elevado risco de mudanças negativas na lei, caso novas emendas sejam apresentadas no plenário.
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Emissions Accounting in Managed Coal Phaseout Finance
Financing early coal retirement creates a potential dilemma for financial institutions: adding emissions-intensive assets to the financing institution’s portfolio during a time when financial institutions are increasing efforts to reduce the emissions covered in their portfolios. This brief outlines several approaches to deal with this possible friction.
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Where Does Brazil Stand and Where Is It Heading in the Implementation of the Forest Code? Opportunities for the New Lula Administration
In this publication, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio provide an unprecedented and updated snapshot of the implementation of the Forest Code in all Brazilian states to identify the primary challenges that must be overcome and to present an agenda with seven key actions for the effective implementation of the Forest Code across the country.
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Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023
February 22, 2023This third edition of the biannual joint report by IRENA and CPI analyses investment trends by technology, sector, region, source of finance and financial instrument in the period 2013-2020.
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CCFLA: 2022 Highlights and Impact
February 20, 2023CCFLA 2022 Highlights and Impact Report outlines the progress and key milestones achieved in 2022, and highlights members’ knowledge products and case studies.
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Smallholders in the Caatinga and the Cerrado: A Baseline Analysis for a Rural Just Transition in Brazil
Amanda de Albuquerque, Juliano Assunção, Pablo Castro, Natalie Hoover El Rashidy and Giovanna de MirandaFebruary 13, 2023CPI/PUC-Rio researchers tackle the concept of rural just transition in Brazil, providing a baseline of smallholders in two of Brazil’s most critical biomes: the Cerrado and the Caatinga.
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Vídeo: Panorama de Financiamento de Rodovias e Ferrovias na Amazônia
Neste vídeo, o CPI/PUC-Rio apresenta o panorama de financiamento público e privado dos setores rodoviário e ferroviário na Amazônia na última década.
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Retrato da Energia na Amazônia Legal e a Democratização dos Dados
Apesar de exportar energia renovável para o resto do país, a Amazônia utiliza combustível fóssil, poluente e caro, para abastecer parte da população local, a parte não conectada ao Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN).
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Eficiência Energética (EE) no Brasil e no Mundo: Mecanismos das Políticas de EE em Unidades Consumidoras Intensivas de Eletricidade
O objetivo desse trabalho é aprimorar a política de EE no Brasil a partir das experiências internacionais e das lições aprendidas a partir da experiência nacional. Para isso, além de estudar os mecanismos de EE, é feita uma análise criteriosa sobre a experiência de eficiência energética no Brasil e os diferentes mecanismos adotados.
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PL nº 36/2021 Anistia Desmatamentos, Cancela Multas e Suspende Embargos
Cristina Leme Lopes, Lourdes de Alcantara Machado and Joana ChiavariDecember 21, 2022Projeto de Lei nº 36/2021, que tramita pelo regime de urgência e pode ser aprovado ainda em 2022 na Câmara dos Deputados, pode colocar uma pá de cal no Código Florestal.
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Are Indonesian Banks Ready to Account Climate-related Matters?
December 20, 2022Based on a focus group survey involving Indonesia’s major commercial banks, Climate Policy Initiative has analyzed the country’s financial sector readiness and progress in assessing, reporting, and disclosing climate-related matters against national guidelines and international best practices.
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Tracking Investments in Climate Resilient Infrastructure
December 13, 2022This study is a first-of-its-kind attempt to evaluate options for tracking climate resilient infrastructure investments.
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Finance Landscape of Highways and Railroads: Elements for Strengthening the Governance of Infrastructure Investments in the Brazilian Amazon
Joana Chiavari, Gabriela Coser, Renata Canini and Ícaro Moreno de Souza MeloNovember 30, 2022CPI/PUC-Rio researchers have created an innovative landscape for public and private financing of road and rail projects in the North Region and in Brazil. This report fills a knowledge gap about the investment scenario of the land transport sector over the last decade.
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The Challenges in the Adoption of Sustainable Practices by Small Ranchers. The Case of ABC Cerrado
November 29, 2022In this study, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio evaluate the impact of training and technical assistance delivered by the ABC Cerrado Project and provide resource-channeling options aimed at achieving greater adoption of sustainable practices in rural areas.
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IDFC Green Finance Mapping 2022
Rajashree Padmanabhi, Sean Stout and Costanza StrinatiNovember 11, 2022This report assesses financial commitments made by the International Development Finance Club (IDFC) members in 2021.
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Landscape of Climate Finance for Agriculture, Forestry, Other Land Uses, and Fisheries
Harsha Vishnumolakala and Paul RosaneNovember 4, 2022This report presents the preliminary findings of an ongoing larger study, aiming to provide a comprehensive analysis of the global climate finance flowing towards AFOLU.
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Policy Brief: How to Increase Financing for Urban Climate Adaptation and Resilience
Priscilla Negreiros and Lauren KnightNovember 2, 2022This policy brief presents key actions for national policymakers around the world to increase the amount of available finance for cities to respond to climate risks.
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Landscape of Climate Finance in Ethiopia
Rajashree Padmanabhi and Chavi MeattleNovember 2, 2022This report provides a deep dive analysis of the landscape of climate finance in Ethiopia in 2019/2020.
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Climate Risks and Opportunities
More than 75% of Indian districts are hotspots for extreme climate events. The white paper discusses the current state in Indian Financial sector and emerging directions.
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Global Landscape of Climate Finance: A Decade of Data
October 27, 2022Public and private climate finance almost doubled between 2011 and 2020. However, reaching climate objectives will require climate investment to increase at least seven times by the end of this decade.
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Landscape of Climate Finance in Burkina Faso
In 2019/2020, USD 567 million of public and private capital was invested in climate-related activities in Burkina Faso, which is only 13% of its total needs.
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Public Financial Institutions' Climate Commitments
October 13, 2022Public financial institutions are falling behind on climate commitments.
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Landscape of Climate Finance in Nigeria
This report, part of the State of Climate Finance in Africa series, provides a deep dive analysis of tracked climate finance in Nigeria in 2019/2020.
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Reservoir Methane Capture Mechanism
Manuella Cantalice, Pedro de Aragão Fernandes and Felipe BorschiverSeptember 29, 2022The first-of-its-kind servitization structure with blended funding to unlock investments into emerging methane capture technology.
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The Fund for Nature
September 29, 2022Africa’s first debt fund for high-integrity, nature-based carbon projects.
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Financing Steel Decarbonization
Yash Kashyap and Vivek SenSeptember 29, 2022The mechanism combines technical assistance, low-cost patient capital, and implementation stage support to prepare, invest in, and de-risk decarbonization technology projects for low-carbon steel production, while supporting the development of the wider industrial ecosystem.
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Green, Affordable Housing Finance
Kyle Blocher and John Michael LaSalleSeptember 29, 2022Green Affordable Housing Finance deploys construction and mortgage loan guarantees alongside targeted enabling interventions to foster a locally driven and self-sustaining affordable housing finance ecosystem.
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The Green Guarantee Company (GGC)
September 29, 2022The first specialist guarantor for emerging market climate adaptation and mitigation projects, unlocking access to global investors by de-risking green bonds and loans.
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Climate Smart Shrimp Fund
September 29, 2022The Climate Smart Shrimp Fund provides loan packages, supported by a technical assistance facility, that enable shrimp farmers to transition to more sustainable and efficient production systems while simultaneously restoring mangrove ecosystems.
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Climate Insurance-Linked Resilient Infrastructure Financing (CILRIF)
Morgan Richmond and Angela Ortega PastorSeptember 29, 2022A novel offering of long-term municipal climate insurance, with known premiums dependent on municipal resiliency measures and a unique linked financial product to access capital for climate resilience.
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Landscape of Climate Finance in Africa
Chavi Meattle, Rajashree Padmanabhi, Pedro de Aragão Fernandes, Anna Balm, Githungo Wakaba, Bella Tonkonogy and Dharshan WignarajahSeptember 21, 2022The most comprehensive overview of climate investment flows in Africa.
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Bioeconomy in the Amazon: Conceptual, Regulatory and Institutional Analysis
September 20, 2022Researchers from the Climate Policy Initiative/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (CPI/PUC-Rio), in partnership with AMZ2030, have studied the concept of bioeconomy, mapped national and international policies and strategies on the topic, and analyzed the main regulatory frameworks and governance institutions associated with this activity in Brazil.
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Increasing Subnational Pension Funds’ Climate Investments
September 12, 2022This report explores the ways in which pension funds represents a key source of capital for urban climate action.
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The State of Global Air Quality Funding 2022
September 7, 2022The only global snapshot of projects funded by donor governments and philanthropic organizations to tackle air pollution. The report identifies gaps in funding and opportunities for strategic investment and collaboration that can deliver clean air for all.
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Revealing Incentives: Implications of the Design of Public Rural Insurance Policies in Brazil
Priscila Souza, Leila Pereira and Mariana StussiSeptember 1, 2022In this report, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio analyze the inner workings of both PROAGRO and the PSR and unveil how the design of each program generates different incentives for producers, insurance claims adjusters, and financial agents, with an impact on the effectiveness of public spending.
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We Need to Talk About Forest Degradation in the Amazon: Brazilian Public Policy Must Understand and Address this Threat
This publication sheds light on the importance of forest degradation to be included in Brazilian conservation policy and its role for the sustainable development of the Amazon.
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Climate Finance Innovation for Africa
August 11, 2022Meeting Africa’s climate finance needs will require significantly higher levels of investment, especially from the private sector. This publication provides a framework for how financial and non-financial solutions can be efficiently deployed to overcome barriers to finance and capitalize climate solutions in Africa.
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Landscape of Green Finance in India 2022
Neha Khanna, Dhruba Purkayastha and Shreyans JainAugust 10, 2022An update to India’s first-ever effort to track green investment flows that measures both public and private sources of capital for FY 2019-20
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Busting the myths around public investment in clean energy
The commentary addresses some of the current criticism around public investment in support of climate change mitigation and adaptation, and outlines why an expanded range of investment approaches are needed now to avoid significantly more additional costs and other negative impacts in the years to come.
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Financing Net Zero Carbon Buildings
John Michael LaSalle, Valerio Micale, Pedro de Aragão Fernandes, Alke Rabinsa Haesra, Eyerusalem Masale, Paul Rosane, Muhammad Ery Wijaya, Muhammad Zeki and Priscilla NegreirosJuly 11, 2022This paper is the output of an exercise that aims to build the foundation for future work by the Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance (the Alliance) through a structured approach to analyze the challenges and priorities relevant to cities in decarbonizing the buildings sector.
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Landscape of Methane Abatement Finance
July 6, 2022This first-of-its-kind report on methane mitigation finance aims to assess global investment in methane abatement activities and create a baseline against which investment needs and progress can be measured.
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Mining Royalties and Socioeconomic Development in Pará
In this insight brief, researchers from Climate Policy Initiative/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (CPI/PUC-Rio) present evidence of the relationship between mining royalties and development in the state of Pará, Brazil.
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Roadmap for Sustainable Infrastructure in the Amazon
Joana Chiavari, Luiza Antonaccio, Rafael Araujo, Ana Cristina Barros, Arthur Bragança and Gabriel CozendeyJuly 4, 2022In this study, CPI/PUC-Rio researchers have mapped the main phases of the life cycle of land transportation infrastructure projects, addressed the decision-making process, and developed methods to map projects’ economic and environmental impacts.
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Financial Aggregation for Cities
June 28, 2022Investment in urban climate projects is urgently needed worldwide. Cities hold most of the global population and economic activity and contribute approximately three-quarters of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, underlining the urgent need for projects to reduce emissions in urban areas and increase climate resilience
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Climate Finance Needs of African Countries
Sandra Guzmán, Greta Dobrovich, Anna Balm and Chavi MeattleJune 28, 2022An assesment of the climate finance needs of African countries to implement their NDCs.
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BNDES in the Legal Amazon
Rhayana Holz, Amanda Schutze and Juliano AssunçãoJune 27, 2022In this brief researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio analyze the performance of BNDES in the Legal Amazon from 2009 to 2019. The analysis shows that the Bank directed its investments to the electric power generation sector in the region.
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Indonesia Blue Finance Landscape
CPI’s latest study captures the landscape of blue finance in Indonesia and further examines the extent of available financing access for MSMEs.
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Private Financial Institutions’ Paris Alignment Commitments: 2022 Update
A thorough tracking and analysis of public commitments to address climate change from more than 450 private financial actors across four financial sectors (asset owner, asset manager, commercial bank, insurer).
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Congresso Nacional Presenteia o Código Florestal com Cavalo de Troia
Pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio analisam os impactos dos PLs nº 2374/2020 e 1282/2019 no Código Florestal. Esses dois projetos de lei impactam fortemente os dois institutos mais importantes para a proteção da vegetação nativa em áreas privadas, as Áreas de Preservação Permanentes (APPs) e a Reserva Legal.
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Rivers of Diesel in the Amazon: Why Does the Region with Brazil’s Biggest Hydroelectric Plants Still Rely on Expensive, Dirty Fuel?
Amanda Schutze, Luiz Bines and Juliano AssunçãoJune 3, 2022CPI/PUC-Rio researchers point out the contrast of electricity supply and identify “two Brazils”: the interconnected Brazil that runs on renewable energy and the isolated Brazil powered by fossil fuels.
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Monitor da Implementação do Código Florestal
May 25, 2022O Monitor da Implementação do Código Florestal reúne, em um só lugar, informações e análises sobre: (i) regras de proteção do Código Florestal; (ii) instrumentos de gestão e monitoramento da vegetação nativa; (iii) procedimento de regularização ambiental dos imóveis rurais; (iv) regulamentação de instrumentos da lei; (v) decisões judiciais relevantes; (vi) atividades legislativas que afetam a lei; e (vii) os progressos e desafios da implementação da lei em todos os estados brasileiros.
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Onde Estamos? 10 Anos da Implementação do Código Florestal
May 25, 2022Pensando na importância histórica da existência do Código Florestal, o CPI/PUC-Rio, lança vídeo para lembrar acontecimentos marcantes na trajetória do Código Florestal brasileiro.
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Impactos das Controvérsias Jurídicas na Implementação do Código Florestal
Cristina Leme Lopes, Lourdes de Alcantara Machado and Joana ChiavariMay 25, 2022Nesta nota técnica, pesquisadoras do Climate Policy Initiative/Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (CPI/PUC-Rio) mapeiam as principais controvérsias jurídicas, ainda pendentes de solução pelo poder judiciário, e analisam seus impactos na implementação da lei, com dados e exemplos concretos de paralisações nos estados.
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Cancelamento de CAR em Terras Indígenas: Desafios e Propostas para uma Melhor Regulamentação
Neste documento, pesquisadoras CPI/PUC-Rio mapearam de forma detalhada a regulamentação federal e dos estados, para entender qual é o tratamento legal da sobreposição de CAR a Terras Indígenas, e identificaram que a legislação em vigor não contempla de forma adequada esta matéria.
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USICEF Impacts and Lessons learned, 2017-2021
May 13, 2022Since launching in 2016, USICEF supported 47 solar power projects, which went on to mobilize 30x in commercial debt over the initial grants provided.
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Rural Investment: BNDES Credit Contributes to Agricultural Intensification
May 10, 2022The study evaluates the effects of BNDES rural credit for investment in machinery and equipment on agricultural activity and land use in Brazil.
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Redefining Priorities in Infrastructure Development in the Amazon: Evidence from the State of Pará
In this project, researchers from Climate Policy Initiative/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (CPI/PUC-Rio) map the quality of local infrastructure in the state of Pará, Brazil.
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Senado Presenteia os 10 Anos do Código Florestal com Mais Anistia aos Desmatadores
Pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio analisaram o PL nº 2374/2020 e identificaram que ele representa uma medida extremamente danosa, não apenas em termos de área anistiada, mas também em termos do impacto na implementação do Código Florestal nos estados, além de abrir um grave precedente para que o marco temporal da regularização ambiental seja rediscutido para todas as áreas consolidadas.
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Accessibility in the Legal Amazon: Measuring Market Access
Rafael Araujo, Arthur Bragança and Juliano AssunçãoMay 4, 2022This report presents groundbreaking estimates of the accessibility of the municipalities in the Legal Amazon. CPI/PUC-Rio researchers break down the accessibility metrics into different components to show that the poor quality of the transportation network is the key factor in the greater isolation of the municipalities.
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Accessibility in the Legal Amazon: Delimiting the Area of Influence and Environmental Risks
Rafael Araujo, Arthur Bragança and Juliano AssunçãoMay 4, 2022In this study, CPI/PUC-Rio researchers discuss how improvements in delimiting the area of influence for logistics infrastructure projects can help mitigate the socio-environmental risks of these projects.
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Accessibility in the Amazon: Digital Solutions
Rafael Araujo, Arthur Bragança and Juliano AssunçãoMay 4, 2022This document discusses how expanding access to phone and high-speed internet services has the potential to boost the economy in the Legal Amazon.
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Presidential Decrees Exacerbate the Contradiction in Mining Regulations at the Expense of the Environment
April 29, 2022Researchers from Climate Policy Initiative/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (CPI/PUC-Rio) present evidence that garimpeiro cooperatives have been used as a means to enable industrial or near-industrial-scale mineral exploration under a weaker regulatory framework.
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The Role of End-User Subsidies in Closing the Affordability Gap
April 4, 2022Electricity access remains a significant global challenge, with only incremental progress made to date towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7. Affordability plays an important role in determining whether households gain and maintain access to electricity.
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Mobilizing Green Finance while Managing Climate Finance Risk in India
Climate change has far-reaching impacts that are not limited to a particular sector or geography; it impacts the entire financial system. If left unchecked, this impact will be severe. This brief identifies key areas of intervention that would achieve the twin objectives of increasing finance for green activities and managing climate-related financial risk.
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Priorities That Do Not Prioritize: The Mismatch Between the Objectives and the Application of Resources from Constitutional Funds Leads to Credit Concentration in the Rural Sector
In this brief, researchers from the CPI/PUC-Rio show that, although rules establishing priority classes for beneficiaries may be apparently aligned with policy objectives, loose eligibility criteria for these classes mean that there is no real prioritization in resource allocation. In other words, priorities are not prioritized.
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Infraestrutura de Transporte e Emprego: Uma Abordagem de Acesso ao Mercado
Arthur Bragança, Juliano Assunção, Rafael Araujo and Manuela MagalhãesMarch 14, 2022Nesse relatório de avaliação de efetividade, pesquisadores do CPI/PUC-Rio em parceria com o BNDES investigam os efeitos globais da infraestrutura de transporte no emprego no Brasil entre 1990-2019.
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What Makes a Transition Plan Credible? Considerations for Financial Institutions
Nicole Pinko and Angela Ortega PastorMarch 14, 2022The brief highlights six necessary elements that every climate transition plan should address for a credible transition plan.
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Paris Alignment of Power Sector Finance Flows in Indonesia: Challenges, Opportunities and Innovative Solutions
March 3, 2022This brief examines the challenges and opportunities in financing Indonesia’s ambitious targets on renewable energy towards an energy transition.
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Paris Alignment of Power Sector Finance Flows in India: Challenges, Opportunities, and Innovative Solutions
This brief identifies the challenges and opportunities in financing India’s ambitious renewable energy targets.
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Blueprints for Climate Finance in Kenya
Federico Mazza, Anna Balm, Ricardo Narvaez, Sandra Guzmán, Valérie Furio and Githungo WakabaFebruary 24, 2022This report highlights three innovative financial structures that have the potential to transform livelihoods and sustain projects at the local level in Kenya.
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Alliance Highlights and Impact Report 2019-2021
January 25, 2022This report marks the two-year anniversary of the renewed launch of the Alliance. It provides an overview of core activities over the last two years, key areas that members are engaging in, and identifies trends and gaps in climate finance for cities.
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Tracking Incremental Energy Efficiency Investments in Certified Green Buildings
This brief aims to address the energy efficiency data gap by proposing a methodology for estimating climate finance in energy efficiency in newly constructed green buildings and by adding a more granular view on the alignment of projects—and investments—with low-emission scenarios.
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Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2021
Barbara Buchner, Baysa Naran, Pedro de Aragão Fernandes, Rajashree Padmanabhi, Paul Rosane, Matthew Solomon, Sean Stout, Githungo Wakaba, Yaxin Zhu, Chavi Meattle, Sandra Guzmán and Costanza StrinatiDecember 14, 2021The 2021 edition of Climate Policy Initiative’s Global Landscape of Climate Finance provides the most comprehensive overview of global climate-related primary investment.
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Conciliação Ambiental e Desmatamento na Amazônia: Implicações e Desafios a partir de Evidências
December 14, 2021Esta publicação, que é fruto de uma parceria técnica entre o CPI/PUC-Rio e o WWF-Brasil, avalia as implicações e os desafios das alterações de governança e regulamentação do procedimento sancionador do Ibama e traz recomendações para o aprimoramento de políticas públicas de combate ao desmatamento na Amazônia.
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Grilagem à Vista: Parecer do Senador Carlos Fávaro Aprova Mudanças na Lei Fundiária
Nesta nota técnica, as pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio: (i) analisam as principais alterações propostas pelo parecer do Senador Carlos Fávaro e os potenciais impactos caso essas mudanças sejam aprovadas pelo Congresso Nacional e (ii) apresentam de forma gráfica os principais dispositivos alterados.
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Credit for Investments in Brazilian Agriculture and the Role of the Brazilian Development Bank
December 9, 2021The study presents an analysis of BNDES performance and evolution in terms of rural credit, as well as the characteristics of credit granted by the bank for the purchase of agricultural machinery and equipment.
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Where Does Brazil Stand with the Implementation of the Forest Code? A Snapshot of the CAR and PRA in Brazilian States - 2021 Edition
This publication is part of a project to permanently monitor the implementation of the Forest Code in Brazilian states, with contributions from environmental and agricultural bodies at the state level.
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The Relationship between Forest Fires and Deforestation in the Amazon: Phenomena Are More Closely Related in Rural Settlements and in Occupied Public Lands
This study from CPI/PUC-Rio presents the main findings from an analysis of the occurrence of forest fires in the Brazilian Amazon and their relationship with subsequent deforestation.
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Through DETER’s Lens: The Relationship between Degradation and Deforestation in the Amazon
Rafael Pucci, Diego Menezes, João Mourão and Clarissa GandourDecember 2, 2021This document presents the main results of an analogous analysis that explores publicly available, more recent, and more detailed data about forest loss from the Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (Sistema de Detecção de Desmatamento em Tempo Real – DETER), also produced by INPE.
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The Role of Brazil’s Federal Court of Accounts in Managing Social and Environmental Risks for Federal Railway and Highway Concessions
This publication study and analyzes the prior oversight by the TCU of federal railway and highway concessions, focusing on how the court has assessed the socio-environmental aspects of the projects, with the aim of mitigating risks.
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CPI/PUC-Rio Responde: O que é Crise Energética?
Assista ao vídeo do CPI/PUC-Rio para entender como a falta de chuvas afeta a crise elétrica e como podemos ter políticas públicas que nos ajudem a contornar a situação atual.
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Assessing Jakarta’s Climate Investments
Tiza Mafira, Luthfyana Kartika Larasati, Brurce Muhammad Mecca, Alke Rabinsa Haesra, Chavi Meattle, Angela Falconer, Priscilla Negreiros and Kristiina YangNovember 10, 2021This case study is a first-of-its-kind attempt to track public and private urban climate investment flows in Jakarta.
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A Snapshot of Urban Green Finance in Two Indian Cities
Shreyans Jain, Rajashree Padmanabhi, Angela Falconer, Chavi Meattle, Dhruba Purkayastha, Priscilla Negreiros and Valérie FurioNovember 10, 2021This study examines the landscape of urban green finance in two Indian cities, Hyderabad and Kolkata
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Exploring Viable Energy Efficiency Business Models in Indonesia
Muhammad Ery Wijaya, Muhammad Zeki and Albertus Prabu SiagianNovember 9, 2021This report identifies the challenges faced by ESCOs in Indonesia’s developing energy efficiency market and suggests improvements, based on market research to existing energy efficiency business models that are viable and can be scaled up in Indonesia.
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IDFC Green Finance Mapping 2021
November 4, 2021This Green Finance Mapping report assesses financial commitments made by the International Development Finance Club (IDFC) members in 2020.
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Framework for Sustainable Finance Integrity
Nicole Pinko, Angela Ortega Pastor, Bella Tonkonogy and June ChoiOctober 28, 2021Framework for Sustainable Finance Integrity provides first-of-its kind guide to necessary action across the public and private financial sectors
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Mapping the Effect of Deforestation on Rainfall: a Case Study from the State of Mato Grosso
In this insight, CPI/PUC-Rio shows that Amazon deforestation affects rainfall in the state of Mato Grosso – one of the most important agricultural hubs in the world, home to more than three million people, and 8 hydroelectric power plants.
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Leveraging Policy Tools to Improve Impact of Financial Instruments in Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)
October 18, 2021This brief seeks to inform the development of new sustainable AFOLU financial instruments, as well as replication of existing ones in new geographies.
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Private Financial Institutions’ Commitments to Paris Alignment
Matthew Solomon, Donovan Escalante, Pedro de Aragão Fernandes, Angela Ortega Pastor and Paul RosaneOctober 18, 2021A thorough tracking and analysis of public commitments to address climate change from more than 350 private financial actors across four financial sectors (asset owner, asset manager, commercial bank, insurer).
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Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2021
October 14, 2021Energizing Finance, developed in partnership with Sustainable Energy for All, provides a comprehensive analysis of tracked finance commitments flowing to the two key areas of energy access: electrification and clean cooking.
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Public Policies for the Protection of the Amazon Forest: What Works and How to Improve
This report consolidates the main findings of the academic literature that rigorously evaluates policies aimed at combating deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Additionally, it draws on empirical evidence to propose ways of strengthening Brazil’s policy agenda for protecting the Amazon Forest whilst promoting the region’s sustainable development. The report thereby aims to contribute to the design and implementation of an effective policy framework for Amazon conservation.
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The Economics of Cattle Ranching in the Amazon: Land Grabbing or Pushing the Agricultural Frontier?
Francisco Luis Lima Filho, Arthur Bragança and Juliano AssunçãoOctober 5, 2021In this report, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio dig deeper into the link between cattle ranching and deforestation in the Amazon to investigate the economic dynamics behind it.
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Building Climate Resilience in Cities through Insurance
Idan Sasson, June Choi, Morgan Richmond, Nidhi Upadhyaya and Angela Ortega PastorOctober 5, 2021The combined impacts of Covid-19 and the current onslaught of climate shocks and stressors emphasizes the need for protection systems for the future – where people are better protected from extreme risk.
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Cooling as a Service (CAAS) with Virtual Cold Chain Assistant (VCCA)
Divjot SinghOctober 4, 2021To better address food waste at the farm level, farmers—especially smallholder farmers—need access to efficient and clean cold storage solutions at affordable pricing. CaaS with VCCA helps smallholder farmers make decisions on lifecycle benefits, rather than upfront costs.
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The Smallholder Resilience Fund
Kyle Blocher and Federico MazzaSeptember 30, 2021The Smallholder Resilience Fund (SRF) is a blended investment fund and supporting venture studio that deploys synchronized investments and technical assistance across entire agricultural value chains of high-value, climate-smart crops to support smallholder farmers
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The ACT Fund
Ricardo Narvaez and Cooper WetherbeeSeptember 30, 2021The ACT Fund’s unique blended–currency mechanism addresses high transaction costs and lead times, barriers that have constrained the project pipeline in West Africa, while also shortening and simplifying the project exit process to allow efficient redeployment of capital in further projects.
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P-REC Aggregation Fund
September 30, 2021The P-REC Aggregation Fund will help unlock capital by monetizing the future yield of environmental attributes from renewable energy generated in fragile states
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Data-Driven Energy Access for Africa
September 30, 2021Data-Driven Energy Access for Africa uses artificial intelligence to standardize metrics related to customer repayment risk, improving access to capital for distributors and efficient intermediation of credit and grants to better serve customers.
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Amazônia Sustainable Supply Chains Mechanism
September 30, 2021The Amazonia Sustainable Supply Chains Mechanism leverages off-take agreements for forest-compatible products to provide upfront finance, technical assistance, and structural community resources that catalyze the bioeconomy and keeps forests standing.
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Guarantee Fund for Biogas
Felipe Borschiver and Matheus ChacurSeptember 30, 2021The Guarantee Fund for Biogas (GFB) is the first environmental-oriented guarantee fund in Brazil. By providing short-term collateral for biogas project loans, it unlocks public and private finance as a promising renewable energy source in the country.
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Governance, Area of Influence, and Environmental Risks of Transport Infrastructure Investments: Case Studies in the State of Pará
Arthur Bragança, Luiza Antonaccio, Brenda Prallon, Rafael Araujo, Ana Cristina Barros and Joana ChiavariSeptember 27, 2021This study compiles a detailed overview of the four key federal infrastructure projects – either planned or being upgraded – in the state of Pará: Ferrogrão and BR-155/158, not yet started, and BR-163/230/MT/PA and BR-230, which are currently in the process of improvement.
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The New Legal Framework for Railroad Authorizations Requires Adjustments to Strengthen the Socio-environmental, Governance, and Transparency Aspects of Projects: an Assessment of MP no. 1,065/2021 and PL no. 261/2018
In this Technical Note, CPI/PUC-Rio researchers draw off previous work and outline how the legal framework for railroad authorizations suffers from similar problems.
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Coal Power Finance in High-Impact Countries
Kyle Blocher, Morgan Richmond, Chavi Meattle, Federico Mazza and Melina DicksonSeptember 16, 2021This brief highlights the political and economic dynamics underpinning recent investments in coal-fired power in 18 high-impact countries, defined as the countries with the highest absolute gaps in access to electricity.
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7 Peculiarities of Rural Credit in the Cerrado: Private Resources Attracted to Finance Large Producers Contrast with Scarcity of Credit for Family Farming
August 9, 2021This work seeks to provide a deeper understanding of rural financing in the Brazilian biomes and aims to help improve the credit policy and adapt this instrument to the specific challenges and context of the Cerrado.
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Regulating Forest Compensation for Legal Deforestation in Brazil
August 3, 2021Researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio conducted a survey and an analysis of all federal and state legislation on forest compensation currently in effect to better understand the evolution of forest compensation from a legislative perspective at the federal level, identify the federal regulations currently in effect, and provide an overview of state legislation, showing how states regulate the different elements of forest compensation.
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Áreas de Preservação Permanente Podem Ser Reduzidas pela Metade e Agravar o Desmatamento. Substitutivo ao Projeto de Lei nº 1709/2019 Altera as Regras de APP em Todo o Brasil
Pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio analisaram o PL nº 1709/2019 e identificaram que, se esta proposta for aprovada, ela reduzirá pela metade a largura das faixas de APP de todos os cursos d’água no Brasil, o que permitiria o desmatamento de mais de 2 milhões de hectares de floresta nativa na Amazônia.
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Apresentação: Análise do Novo Procedimento Administrativo Sancionador do Ibama e seus Reflexos no Combate ao Desmatamento na Amazônia
Apresentação de pesquisadora do CPI/PUC-Rio analisando novo procedimento sancionador do Ibama e seus impactos.
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Accelerating renewable energy finance in Indonesia: The potential of municipal green bonds
Muhammad Ery Wijaya, Albertus Prabu Siagian, Brurce Muhammad Mecca and Alke Rabinsa HaesraJuly 7, 2021Despite their potential, Indonesia’s capital market is yet to see the issuance of municipal green bonds due to multiple challenges. This study explores the use of municipal bonds to support Indonesia’s energy transition targets and analyze the overall feasibility of implementing such bonds.
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The State of Cities Climate Finance
Priscilla Negreiros, Valérie Furio, Angela Falconer, Morgan Richmond, Kristiina Yang, Bella Tonkonogy, Aleksandra Novikova, Marianne Pearson, Ian Skinner, Sandrine Boukerche, David Mason, Jamie Boex and Jan WhittingtonJune 30, 2021The 2021 State of Cities Climate Finance Report examines the state of urban climate investment, the barriers to reaching the needed investment levels, and the steps to overcoming these challenges.
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Net Zero Finance Tracker
June 29, 2021The UK beta version of the Net Zero Finance Tracker is a first-of-its-kind interactive database to assess all financial actors’ response to climate change.
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Investing in nature to build back better
CPI contributed to a webinar series led by the United Nations Environment Program aimed at mobilizing investments in biodiversity as we build back economies in the aftermath of the pandemic.
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Increasing Cattle Productivity in the Amazon Requires New Technologies
This brief summarizes the findings from CPI/PUC-Rio that calculates the potential for increasing pasture productivity in the Legal Amazon by disseminating technologies that are widely used in just some parts of the region to all parts of the region.
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Strengthening Environmental Studies for Federal Land Infrastructure Concessions
In this brief, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio identify and analyze the socio-environmental components covered by the terms of reference for Technical, Economic and Environmental Feasibility Studies and Environmental Assessment Study.
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Aprimorando a Zona Franca de Manaus: Lições da Experiência Internacional
Este estudo, realizado pelos pesquisadores do CPI/PUC-Rio, se insere no Amazônia 2030 e pretende dar subsídios para a discussão sobre o futuro da Zona Franca de Manaus ao investigar as origens históricas do modelo brasileiro, realizar uma revisão da literatura econômica sobre as políticas territoriais e efetuar uma análise comparativa entre a ZFM e experiências internacionais de zonas francas e zonas empresariais.
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Environmental Viability of Land Transport Infrastructure in the Amazon
An assessment by CPI/PUC-Rio investigated the regulations applicable to federal railroad and highway concessions granted to the private sector.
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Recent Changes to Legislation May Increase Deforestation and Impunity in the Brazilian Amazon. Here’s how.
June 9, 2021This infographic highlights how recent changes to legislation may increase deforestation and impunity in the Brazilian Amazon.
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An Analysis of the New Legal Framework for IBAMA’s Administrative Enforcement Procedures and its Effects on Combating Deforestation in the Amazon
This summary presents an overview of findings from the report, Análise do Novo Procedimento Administrativo Sancionador do Ibama e seus Reflexos no Combate ao Desmatamento na Amazônia, published by Climate Policy Initiative/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (CPI/PUC-Rio) that analyzes the impacts of changes in Brazil’s legislation and assesses whether they can bring greater effectiveness to Brazil’s federal environmental agency’s (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis – IBAMA) administrative sanctioning procedure.
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Leveraging fiscal stimulus to improve energy transition: Case of South Korea and Indonesia
Muhammad Ery Wijaya, Jong Ho Hong, Muhammad Zeki, Brurce Muhammad Mecca, Alke Rabinsa Haesra, Keewon Kim, Soo-suk Lee, Rahmahwati Rosidah and Sangwon UhmMay 31, 2021This study, produced in collaboration with the Seoul National University, aims to analyze the COVID-19 recovery policies in South Korea and Indonesia, particularly the role of fiscal stimulus in their energy transition goals.
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The New Bidding Law Offers Opportunities to Improve Infrastructure Projects and Prevent Socio-Environmental Impacts
Abandoned infrastructure projects, of little use or with negative socio-environmental impacts are symptoms of inconsistent feasibility assessments. Researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio analyze the New Bidding Law and identify a unique opportunity to strengthen these analyses, through the regulation of the so-called preliminary technical studies.
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Debt for Climate Swaps
DFC swaps can reduce the level of indebtedness, freeing up fiscal resources to be spent on green investments.
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Results-Based Financing
This report assesses the potential for Results-based Finance (RBF) to expand post-COVID recovery funds while improving sustainability efforts.
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Recovery Bonds
Vikram Widge, Nicole Pinko, Dhruba Purkayastha, Vijay Nirmal Gavarraju and Arsalan Ali FarooqueeMay 10, 2021This paper assesses the potential for Recovery Bonds to help sovereigns raise capital to fund a sustainable and climate-resilient post-COVID recovery.
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Framework for Sustainable Finance Integrity (Consultation Draft)
A framework to guide financial system integrity and smooth the financial sector’s move to sustainability and net zero.
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The Future of Distributed Renewable Energy in India
India will require an annual DRE investment of USD 18 billion by 2024, a 10x increase from current levels to meet its sustainability targets. This CPI report outlines the benefits and market potential of India’s DRE sector, examines the current policy and institutional landscape, and provides tailored recommendations for the different stakeholders.
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6 Peculiarities of Rural Credit in the Amazon: New Research Shows Credit Restrictions and Extensive Land Use in Agriculture
May 3, 2021CPI/PUC-Rio highlights six specific standards and conditions of rural credit, providing evidence for public actions and policies for local development, the sustainability of agricultural production, and environmental conservation.
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Comentários ao Novo Substitutivo do PL nº 2633/2020 que Altera as Regras de Regularização Fundiária
O Deputado Bosco Saraiva, novo relator do PL nº 2633/2020, apresentou o seu parecer sobre o projeto de lei e propõe um novo substitutivo ao texto legal. Nesse trabalho, pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio analisaram o novo substitutivo.
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The Landscape of Climate Finance in Kenya
Federico Mazza, Anna Balm and Hélène Van CaenegemMarch 26, 2021In Kenya, KES 243.3 billion (USD 2.4 billion) flowed to climate-related investments in 2018, one third of the finance needed annually to meet its NDC.
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Response to COVID-19: Energy Conservation and Efficiency Survey
Muhammad Ery Wijaya, Muhammad Zeki and Alke Rabinsa HaesraMarch 15, 2021This study, produced in collaboration with the Indonesia Energy Efficiency Society (MASKEEI), aims to measure and understand how COVID-19 has impacted the business of facility owners and energy efficiency service stakeholders through a targeted survey.
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Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon: Public Policy Must Target Phenomenon Related to Deforestation
Clarissa Gandour, Diego Menezes, João Pedro Vieira and Juliano AssunçãoMarch 9, 2021To enhance understanding of this phenomenon, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio empirically characterized the dynamics of degradation and its relationship with clear-cut deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Leveraging National Development Banks to Enhance Financing for Climate-Smart Urban Infrastructure
March 3, 2021This report sets the stage to explore the mandate and capacities of National Development Banks in accelerating financing for local governments’ climate-smart urban infrastructure.
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Nova Investida Contra Legislação Fundiária: Projeto de Lei nº 510/2021 Retoma os Retrocessos da MP nº 910/2019 e Beneficia Invasores de Terras Públicas
Para entender o que está em discussão e avaliar as implicações do PL nº 510/2021 nas políticas fundiária e ambiental, pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio selecionaram os principais parâmetros da Lei nº 11.952/2009 alterados pelo PL nº 510/2021 e compararam a lei em vigor com os dois principais projetos de lei em discussão, o PL nº 2633/2020 e o PL nº 510/2021.
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A Framework for Tracking Cooling Investment
Global cooling needs are significant and expected to continue growing rapidly. This knowledge brief proposes a new approach to identify and track cooling transactions.
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Improving the impact of fiscal stimulus in Asia: An analysis of green recovery investments and opportunities
Dan Aylward-Mills, Julian Payne, Melisa Sudirman, Muhammad Ery Wijaya, Brurce Muhammad Mecca, Muhammad Zeki and Alke Rabinsa HaesraFebruary 17, 2021India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, and South Korea have together announced a total of USD 884 billion in COVID-19 recovery stimulus packages. This study maps the ‘greenness’ of these fiscal stimulus measures and their contribution towards country-level climate objectives.
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Improving Public Contracting Processes of Socio-Enviromental Studies for Brazil's Land Transportation Projects
February 11, 2021In this report, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio analyze in detail the public contracting process for EVTEA and EIAs for land transport infrastructure projects in the Amazon and reveal: a lack of transparency in the contracting process and a lack of criteria for selection, evaluation and approval of the studies.
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Avanços ou Retrocessos na Regularização Fundiária? Análise do Projeto de Lei Nº 2633/2020 sob o Enfoque das Salvaguardas Ambientais
Para entender o que está em discussão e avaliar a eficácia do atual PL nº 2633/2020, pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio fizeram uma análise detalhada da legislação fundiária em vigor e de todas as propostas que foram discutidas ao longo do processo de tramitação da MP nº 910/2019 e do PL nº 2633/2020.
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An Analysis of Urban Climate Adaptation Finance
February 5, 2021While many cities have begun enacting policies and programs to build resilience towards climate hazards, there are numerous barriers to financing urban adaptation activities.
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The Potential for Scaling Climate Finance in China / 中国扩大气候金融规模的潜力
This report provides an overview of the potential for climate finance, green finance and innovative finance to accelerate China’s decarbonization and support its transition to a green economy.
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Panorama dos Direitos de Propriedade no Brasil Rural
Joana Chiavari, Cristina Leme Lopes and Julia Nardi de AraujoFebruary 4, 2021Nesse trabalho, pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio identificam os principais problemas da atual situação fundiária no país e caminhos para melhorias.
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South African Climate Finance Landscape 2020
January 28, 2021This Landscape informs ongoing efforts by the Government of South Africa to understand how climate finance flows throughout the economy.
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Adaptation Finance in the Context of Covid-19
Morgan Richmond, June Choi, Paul Rosane, Matthew Solomon, Bella Tonkonogy, Dominic Molloy, Felipe Larrain and Jennifer Jacobowitz RaeJanuary 22, 2021As we enter a new year is that there is not only an array of tools at our disposal to tackle this existential challenge, but also growing recognition of the urgency to do so.
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Guidelines for Building a National Landscape of Climate Finance
We outline the process for developing a national climate finance landscape in four steps. By working through each step, countries will learn key insights to how, when, and from whom finance is flowing towards climate action.
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The Impact of Rural Credit on Agriculture and Land Use: An Analysis of Brazilian Biomes
Understanding the impact of rural credit is essential for formulating better agricultural policies in Brazil. In this Insight, researchers from the CPI / PUC-Rio detail the effects of credit in each Brazilian biome.
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USICEF 2020 Impact Report
Sagar Srijan Joshi, Vijay Nirmal Gavarraju and Dhruba PurkayasthaDecember 31, 2020In just three years, USICEF has identified over 30 early-stage businesses across 20 states in India, mobilized USD 200mn in debt financing, and has committed a total of USD 5.1 million in grant-based funding to these projects.
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Electricity market reform - Karnataka case study
Udetanshu, Himanshu Baghel and David NelsonDecember 29, 2020Karnataka is well placed to meet its energy needs over the next decade thanks to the rapid deployment of renewables. But capacity additions of solar and wind are not enough on their own to help the state meet its targets.
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Electricity market reform – Tamil Nadu case study
Udetanshu, Himanshu Baghel and David NelsonDecember 29, 2020This case study addresses key elements of electricity market reforms and technology development that are central to the ability of Tamil Nadu, and India as a whole, to meet its decarbonisation goals.
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Updated View on the Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019
December 18, 2020This update to the Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019 report offers a preliminary estimate for finance in 2019, drawing on data published in 2020.
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Urban Climate Finance in the Wake of COVID-19
Amanda Lonsdale, Priscilla Negreiros and Kristiina YangDecember 14, 2020From the USD 20.5 trillion pledged to COVID-19 recovery globally, only USD 1.1 trillion dollars have been committed to cities.
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Where Does Brazil Stand With the Implementation of the Forest Code? A Snapshot of the CAR and the PRA in Brazil's States – 2020 Edition
December 10, 2020The report provides a detailed analysis of state regulations and identifies actions underway in the states. It highlights progress made to date and the strategies enacted by states that are farther
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Paris Misaligned?
December 10, 2020Globally, 29% of new power investment in 2018, or approximately USD 129 billion, was invested in fossil fuel power putting the world on a temperature trajectory of over 3.2°C – more than double the level targeted in the Paris Agreement.
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Rural Credit Policy in Brazil: Agriculture, Environmental Protection, and Economic Development
Priscila Souza, Stela Herschmann and Juliano AssunçãoDecember 7, 2020In this report, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio provide an in-depth analysis of Brazilian rural credit policy and discuss challenges and recent progress in public policy. The analysis benefits from years of research and discussions with policymakers, the private sector, and academic researchers.
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Understanding the impact of a low carbon transition on Uganda’s planned oil industry
Matthew Huxham, Muhammed Anwar, Eoin Strutt and David NelsonDecember 2, 2020Since 2013, the value of Uganda’s oil reserves has fallen more than $40bn (70%) to $18bn. Under a low-carbon transition aligned with Paris goals, the value of the oil could drop further, to 88% of its value seven years ago.
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Sustainable Infrastructure Portfolio
November 30, 2020CPI’s Sustainable Infrastructure projects generate evidence on social, economic and environmental impacts of infrastructure projects to help governments successfully address local sustainable development, and also to inform civil society about infrastructure decisions.
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Fostering Economic Resilience in Berau through Smallholder Crop Diversification
November 26, 2020This CPI study explores crop diversification opportunities to support independent smallholders in Berau for better long-term outcomes
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Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2020
Chavi Meattle, Morgan Richmond, Valérie Furio, Federico Mazza, Jolly Sinha, Jakub Linstaedt and Caroline DreyerNovember 19, 2020The Energizing Finance series provides a comprehensive analysis of commitments flowing to the two key areas of energy access: electrification and clean cooking.
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Scaling Innovative Climate Finance Instruments: Experience from the Lab
While challenging, scaling up climate finance ideas is possible, and is greatly facilitated by four success factors that can be influenced by the entrepreneurs developing these initiatives and their stakeholders.
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Brazil's Infrastructure Project Life Cycles: From Planning to Viability. Creation of a New Phase May Increase Project Quality
November 12, 2020In this brief, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio and Inter.B collaborated to analyze the instruments available for infrastructure planning – particularly those related to the land transport sector.
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Examining the Climate Finance Gap for Small-Scale Agriculture
Less than 2% of total climate finance goes to small-scale farmers in developing nations. This report proposes a methodology to measure climate finance flows to small-scale agriculture in developing countries and provides a snapshot of climate finance to small-scale agriculture in 2017/18.
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Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2020
November 10, 2020This report provides actionable recommendations for policy makers and other stakeholders to scale up investment and mobilize capital in the renewable energy sector.
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IDFC Green Finance Mapping 2020
June Choi, Rob Macquarie, Baysa Naran and Angela FalconerNovember 6, 2020 -
Indeks Desa Membangun Plus (IDM+): Enhancing Direct Incentives for Sustainable Land Use in Indonesian Villages
November 5, 2020This paper proposes a two-part approach for a potentially sweeping, but relatively practical reform to encourage villages across Indonesia to adopt sustainable practices.
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Measuring the Indirect Effects of Transportation Infrastructure in the Amazon
Arthur Bragança, Rafael Araujo and Juliano AssunçãoOctober 9, 2020In this Whitepaper, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio highlights the need for the logistics projects’ EVTEA and EIAs to incorporate and correctly identify the indirect effects that result from the changes in transportation costs induced by improvements. It describes how using a combination of geoprocessing tools and statistical analysis can be used to identify these impacts and provides an example of their importance.
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Changes in Energy Sector Financing During COVID-19
Chavi Meattle, Federico Mazza and Angela FalconerOctober 8, 2020This brief, part of the Energizing Finance series, provides an analysis of international finance commitments and disbursements to Sierra Leone – one of the countries worst affected by the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak.
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Sustainable Agriculture Finance Facility
The Sustainable Agriculture Finance Facility provides customized bundled loans that match the farmers’ needs and takes into account specific ICLF parameters.
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GreenStreet Africa
Ricardo Narvaez and Cooper WetherbeeSeptember 29, 2020GreenStreet Africa develops and aggregates portfolios of distributed solar projects at public health and education facilities for implementation by private IPPs or ESCOs, financed with local capital markets solutions.
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Climate Adaptation Notes
The first instrument to address water scarcity in Southern Africa by streamlining adaptation project financing into a single instrument through a partnership between commercial banks and institutional investors.
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Sub-national Climate Finance Initiative
SnCF is expected to be the first private equity fund to feature a Technical Assistance Facility that provides local government capacity building and certifies all projects for SDG impact prior to investment.
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Rural Prosperity Bond
The Rural Prosperity Bond (RPB) provides loans to SMEs working in land restoration in Africa, South Asia and Latin America.
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Monetizing Water Savings
MWS is a novel, collaborative approach to improve economic outcomes for farmers, create resilient supply chains and increase water efficiency by using “pay for performance” to accelerate sustainable agriculture practices in water-stressed regions
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GROVE: Forestry Smart Ledger
Divjot Singh, Rajashree Padmanabhi and Muhammad ZekiSeptember 29, 2020GROVE: FSL crowdfunds capital for smallscale forestry projects, reduces monitoring costs through remote sensing and machine learning, and increases financial transparency and local community earnings through blockchain-backed smart contracts.
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Conexsus Impact Fund
The Conexsus Impact Fund is the only fund in Brazil designed to redirect federal subsidized credit (Pronaf) to sustainable production systems and those that keep forests standing.
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Ferrogrão: Weaknesses and Lessons Learned in Implementing a Sustainable Infrastructure Agenda
September 23, 2020CPI/PUC-Rio has assessed Ferrogrão’s governance, planning, and environmental risks as a way to contribute to the ongoing debate on sustainable infrastructure policies and projects in the country. This executive summary presents three studies conducted over the last year, which: (i) analyze the robustness of Ferrogrão’s planning based on a set of structuring questions, which should be prepared in the pre-feasibility stage; (ii) evaluate the administrative rites and the governance of decision-making related to the project; and (iii) develop an innovative methodology to understand Ferrogrão’s area of influence and deforestation risk.
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Landscape of Green Finance in India
Mahua Acharya, Jolly Sinha, Shreyans Jain and Rajashree PadmanabhiSeptember 11, 2020Climate Policy Initiative’s Landscape of Green Finance in India presents the most comprehensive information on green investment flows in the country in FY 2017-FY 2018.
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Projetos de lei Ameaçam Código Florestal: Propostas Podem Reduzir Proteção à Floresta
O atual Código Florestal tem sido objeto de propostas legislativas para alterar seu conteúdo desde sua edição. Pesquisadoras do CPI/ PUC-Rio fizeram o levantamento e análise dos projetos de lei em tramitação no Congresso Nacional e identificaram que há, atualmente, 56 projetos de lei que pretendem modificar as regras do Código Florestal, dos quais sete podem anular avanços feitos até hoje para a sua implementação.
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Potential Implementation Risks in the Pilot Energy Efficiency Auction in Roraima
Amanda Schutze, Rhayana Holz and Juliano AssunçãoAugust 26, 2020The present work aims to explain the EE auction design and to point out and assess the risks of the proposed model regarding its implementation in Roraima’s pilot. The contributions seek to mitigate the risks tied to the Winner’s Curse, perfect the chosen measurement and verification methodology and present the implementation challenges associated to the misalignment between the interests of the electricity distributor and those of the central planner.
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Risk Management in Brazilian Agriculture: Instruments, Public Policy, and Perspectives
In this report, CPI/PUC-Rio researchers analyze the current risk management instruments and public policies and discuss pathways for improving their impact on Brazilian agriculture.
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Green Banking in China – Emerging Trends / 中国绿色银行业——新兴趋势
This report provides an overview of the development of green banking practices in China, identifying major policies and practices, performance to date, as well as barriers to further
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The Need to Better Define and Delimit Area of Influence for Infrastructure Projects
August 4, 2020In this technical note, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio (i) analyze how areas of influence are currently defined by government bodies and in the Terms of Reference for EVTEA and EIAs for land transportation infrastructure projects; (ii) present a set of recommendations for the adoption of clearer criteria for the definition and demarcation of areas of influence for new projects, from a perspective that explicitly incorporates where the direct and indirect effects of this type of undertaking will occur; and (iii) propose a dialogue between the EVTEA and the EIA.
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Enhancing the Role of National Development Banks in Supporting Climate-Smart Urban Infrastructure
Sarah Conway, Priscilla Negreiros, Bella Tonkonogy and Kristiina YangAugust 4, 2020This paper focuses on enhancing the role that National Development Banks play in supporting the acceleration of climate-smart urban infrastructure investment.
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The Role of Cooperatives in Rural Credit: Cooperative Credit Grows During the Economic Crisis and Supports the Inclusion of Small-Scale Producers
July 23, 2020This brief analyze cooperatives’ participation in rural credit, addressing both recent developments and potential challenges.
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Brazil Needs to Monitor its Tropical Regeneration: Remote Monitoring System is Technologically Feasible, but Needs Public Policy Support
This paper offers recommendations on how to move forward in developing remote systems to monitor secondary vegetation.
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Green finance in China: achieving sustainability through finance
This paper explores how green finance in China can go beyond financing assets that are consistent with sustainability goals to fulfill the investment needs required to transform sectors or China’s economy to a more sustainable model.
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Accelerating Green Finance in India: Definitions and Beyond
There is a growing need to sensitize India’s financial sector about the importance and benefits of Green Finance, and ways to accelerate green capital flows in India.
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Improving Efficiency for Air Conditioners: The Role of the Manaus Free Trade Zone
Amanda Schutze, Rhayana Holz and Juliano AssunçãoJune 22, 2020This policy brief, analyzes the production line of air conditioning sector in Brazil with a focus on productive and energy efficiency.
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Adjustments to the New Concessions Law Bill Could Ensure Higher Quality, and More Sustainable Infrastructure
In this technical note, researchers at CPI/PUC-Rio, analyze the legislative process of the new Concessions Law bill from a social and environmental perspective. They recommend items that could be incorporated into the bill to head off potential conflicts currently handled later in the project life cycle — notably during the environmental licensing procedure — and which would foster bidding on more robust, higher quality projects, promoting safer investments, and ensuring social and environmental protections.
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Green Bonds in China: the State and Effectiveness of the Market / 中国绿色债券市场：趋势与分析
Donovan Escalante, June Choi, Neil Chin, Ying Cui and Mathias Lund LarsenJune 10, 2020The Chinese green bond market expanded rapidly from 2016-2019, with more than USD 120 billion of cumulative issuance.
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Protected Territories, Though Critical, are Not Enough to Slow Amazon Deforestation: Brazil Requires Coordinated and Targeted Conservation Policies
New work from CPI/PUC-Rio shows that protected territories shielded forests under their domain, but they also appear to have deflected deforestation to unprotected regions. The findings highlight the local effectiveness of these territories, and thereby support their use in protecting high-value areas. Yet, results also reinforce the importance of pursuing protection strategies in combination with integrated conservation policy efforts to reduce deforestation throughout the Amazon.
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Enhancing Decentralized Renewable Energy Investment in Indonesia
Muhammad Ery Wijaya, Alke Rabinsa Haesra and Brurce Muhammad MeccaMay 14, 2020Existing decentralized renewable energy business models fail to address prevailing barriers in the sector, ranging from policy barriers, limited access to finance, and high investment risks, discouraging private investments.
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Indonesia Environment Fund
The regulatory framework of a public service agency provides solid legal basis for a robust and flexible vehicle to fund activities for public interest, including managing money from international donors.
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Questions and Answers on Provisional Measure 910
April 20, 2020Researchers from the CPI/PUC-Rio prepared 10 questions and answers to clarify what is at stake with Provisional Measure 910.
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A Snapshot of Global Adaptation Investment and Tracking Methods
April 9, 2020This brief outlines the current state of global finance for climate adaptation, and includes potential new data sources and recommendations to improve adaptation finance tracking going forward.
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Targeting Deforestation, Boosting Regeneration: Efforts to Combat Forest Clearings in the Amazon Promote Tropical Regrowth
Juliano Assunção, Clarissa Gandour and Helena RodriguesApril 2, 2020New work from CPI/PUC-Rio shows that environmental monitoring and law enforcement exclusively aimed at reducing Amazon deforestation helped boost tropical regeneration. Results suggest that environmental and socio-economic gains from conservation policies may be larger than initially presumed. Today, it would be both timely and strategic for Brazil to incorporate the promotion and protection of tropical regeneration into its conservation policy agenda.
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Novo Relatório do Senador Irajá Abreu sobre a MP 910/2019, Mantém Regras Prejudiciais à Regularização Fundiária
A análise preliminar deste novo relatório feita pelas pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio identificou que o relator: (i) mantém as principais regras prejudiciais à regularização fundiária; (ii) recua em alguns avanços que tinham sido feitos no relatório anterior; (iii) faz alguns avanços tímidos e (iv) insere contrabandos legislativos.
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Does the Manaus Free Trade Zone Have an Impact on Industry Efficiency?
Juliano Assunção, Amanda Schutze and Rhayana HolzMarch 30, 2020This study, carried out by researchers from the CPI/PUC-Rio, analyzes the impact of the Manaus Free Trade Zone (ZFM) on Brazilian industry, especifically productive efficiency and energy efficiency. The researchers note that the efficiency levels of the ZFM and Brazil are similar, that is, despite the high volume of tax breaks granted to the ZFM industries, there is no counterpart in terms of efficiency.
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The Impacts of Rural Credit on Agricultural Outcomes and Land Use: An Analysis by Credit Lines, Producer Types and Credit Uses
In this work, Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-RIO) provides a detailed impact analysis of the Brazilian Rural Credit policy on agricultural production, land use and deforestation.
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Relator da MP 910/2019 Flexibiliza Ainda Mais a Regularização Fundiária
A análise do relatório legislativo feita pelas pesquisadoras do CPI/ PUC-Rio identificou que as principais mudanças propostas pelo relator flexibilizam consideravelmente mais as regras para a regularização fundiária. As alterações: (i) favorecem ainda mais médios e grandes ocupantes de terras públicas, em detrimento de pequenos agricultores; (ii) diminuem o controle sobre áreas embargadas ou que foram objeto de infração ambiental; e (iii) mantém o desalinhamento das políticas fundiária e ambiental.
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The Environmental Impacts of the Ferrogrão Railroad: an Ex-Ante Evaluation of Deforestation Risks
Juliano Assunção, Arthur Bragança and Rafael AraujoMarch 13, 2020In this work, researchers from CPI/PUC-Rio show that the construction of the Ferrogrão railroad will induce farmers and ranchers located in the state of Mato Grosso to expand their production, increasing land demand. If no mitigation measures are implemented, this will lead to the clearing of about 2,043 square kilometers of native vegetation in almost forty municipalities of the state of Mato Grosso.
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Jabuti em Medida Provisória Enfraquece a Proteção da Floresta Amazônica no Código Florestal
Pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio analisaram estas emendas e descobriram que elas poderão diminuir automaticamente a Reserva Legal de 80% para 50% nos estados de Roraima e Amapá, enfraquecendo a proteção da Floresta Amazônica no Código Florestal, além de reduzir mais de quatro mil hectares da Floresta Nacional de Roraima.
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Medida Provisória Recompensa Atividades Criminosas: Análise da MP 910/2019 que Altera o Marco Legal da Regularização Fundiária de Ocupações em Terras Públicas Federais
A análise da MP 910/2019 feita pelas pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio indica que a MP 910/2019: legitima a grilagem e o desmatamento ilegal; promove o desalinhamento das políticas fundiária e ambiental e favorece médio e grandes produtores rurais em detrimento de agricultores familiares, povos indígenas e comunidades tradicionais.
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Tracking Adaptation Finance: Advancing Methods to Capture Finance Flows in the Landscape
Morgan Richmond and Karoline HallmeyerDecember 20, 2019In this brief, we set out potential methods to fill data gaps in adaptation tracking in the Landscape and propose methods to measure progress.
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Where does Brazil Stand With the Implementation of the Forest Code? A Snapshot of the CAR and the PRA in Brazil's States
This document summarizes the main findings and takeaways of a full report (available in Portuguese) produced by analysts from (CPI/PUC-Rio). The full report provides an overview of the Forest Code in Brazil’s states, and gives a detailed analysis of regulatory efforts at the state level. It identifies actions already underway in the states, progress made, major challenges and flaws, and primary public policy recommendations.
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IDFC Green Finance Mapping Report 2019
The International Development Finance Club (IDFC) is the leading group of 26 national and regional development banks from all over the world, the majority of which are active in emerging markets. During the United Nations Climate Action Summit 2019, IDFC resolved to mobilize significant volumes of financing for meeting climate and development goals.
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Productivity for Cattle Ranching in Brazil: Pastureland Declines Might Show a New Pathway
Juliano Assunção and Arthur BragançaNovember 28, 2019This white paper from CPI/PUC-Rio, outlines the close connection between cattle productivity and the share of farmland devoted to this activity. Estimates using Agricultural Census data from the last four decades show that these variables are inversely related, indicating that cattle ranching becomes more productive as ranch size declines. Additional empirical exercises suggest that the cost of the land relative to the capital might explain this relationship. Finally, the white paper presents policy lessons that might show a pathway for intensifying cattle ranching without inducing further deforestation.
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Brazil Knows What to Do to Fight Deforestation in the Amazon: Monitoring and Law Enforcement Work and Must be Strengthened
The present study, conducted by researchers at CPI/PUC-Rio, indicates that this monitoring system works. Results also suggest that forest protection did not interfere with local agricultural production, and that its expected benefits outweighed the associated policy costs.
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Why is Protecting the Amazon Important?
This infographic developed by CPI/PUC-Rio research team shows that protecting the Amazon is important for economic growth
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Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019
Barbara Buchner, Alex Clark, Angela Falconer, Rob Macquarie, Chavi Meattle, Rowena Tolentino and Cooper WetherbeeNovember 7, 2019The 2019 edition of Climate Policy Initiative’s Global Landscape of Climate Finance provides the most comprehensive overview of global climate-related primary investment.
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Sustainable Infrastructure in the Amazon: Strengthening Socio-Environmental Planning and Design for New Infrastructure Projects in Brazil
Juliano Assunção, Ana Cristina Barros, Joana Chiavari, Arthur Bragança, Luiza Antonaccio, Rafael Araujo and Gabriel CozendeyOctober 31, 2019This project developed by CPI/PUC-Rio, aims to advance proposals for changes to current regulations and guidelines that would incorporate socio-environmental risk assessments throughout the decision-making processes and lifecycle of infrastructure projects. Guided by experts in these fields, the project will also promote dialogue with key stakeholders involved in decision-making and implementation of the regulatory proposals and guidelines.
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Measuring the Private Capital Response to Climate Change: A Proposed Dashboard
Padraig Oliver, Alex Clark and Angela FalconerOctober 28, 2019This brief, which is part of CPI’s work on tracking global climate finance flows, proposes a preliminary methodological approach and analytical framework to measure the nature and speed of shifts in private capital in response to climate change.
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Alterações no CAR e no PRA: O que Muda para os Produtores Rurais
October 25, 2019Neste documento, especialistas do CPI/PUC-Rio e INPUT trazem uma análise das mudanças recentes e explicam as implicações para os produtores rurais com o objetivo de auxiliá-los a entrar em conformidade com a lei. A participação efetiva dos produtores no cumprimento das normas é fundamental para a implementação do Código Florestal.
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Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2019
Federico Mazza, Chavi Meattle, Rahul Barua, Valérie Furio, Jolly Sinha, Morgan Richmond and Caroline DreyerOctober 22, 2019The Energizing Finance series, developed by SE4All in partnership with CPI, is the first and only in-depth attempt to capture multiple years of data on finance for the two key areas of energy access: electrification and clean cooking.
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Congresso Nacional Aprova Alterações ao Código Florestal: Mudanças na Lei Trazem Mais Segurança Jurídica para o CAR e o PRA
October 17, 2019Neste documento, pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio, por meio da iniciativa INPUT, apresentam uma análise detalhada das alterações ao Código Florestal decorrentes da Lei 13.887/2019, esclarecem a aplicação das novas regras, examinam lacunas existentes e identificam possíveis desafios de implementação.
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The Future of Infrastructure in Brazil Under Discussion: an Integrated Vision of Proposed Legislation is Needed to Ensure Progress
October 10, 2019In this document, researchers with the CPI/PUC-Rio analyze the opportunity for a comprehensive discussion that would ensure better infrastructure and environmental conservation in Brazil, using the proposed legislation as a starting point. This could benefit the productive sector and society as a whole.
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The Lab: 2018-2019 Cycle Instrument Analysis
Dario Abramskiehn, Morgan Richmond, Ben Broché, Valérie Furio, Sarah Conway, Federico Mazza, Felipe Borschiver, Amanda Lonsdale, Valerio Micale, Hélène Van Caenegem, Soumaila Diakite, Rosaly Byrd and Randy RakhmadiOctober 2, 2019Lab members voted to endorse all six financial mechanisms and enterprises in the Lab’s 2019 class in a side event to the UN Climate Action Summit, officially launching them for operation, and offering inputs for their implementation pathways.
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The Breathe Better Bond Initiative
Ben Broché, Ricardo Narvaez and Valérie FurioSeptember 27, 2019A bond issue with tied in technical assistance and financial incentives for local governments to finance air pollution and GHG emission reducing urban infrastructure in emerging market cities
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Cooling as a Service (CaaS)
A pay-per-service model to decrease energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from cooling systems in cities around the world, by making more efficient cooling technologies more accessible to customers
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Restoration Insurance Service Company (RISCO)
A social enterprise that finances and manages implementation of mangrove restoration and conservation by capturing the financial benefits generated by reducing property damage risks and storing blue carbon
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Solar Securitization for Rwanda
A securitization which allows solar developers’ to obtain capital to expand their sales, meeting the clean energy access needs of African households
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Blockchain Climate Risk Crop Insurance
A standardized, digital index crop insurance platform for smallholder farmers that addresses the impacts of climate change on crop production by making insurance more transparent, efficient, and scalable
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Implementing Alignment: Recommendations for the International Development Finance Club
Alex Clark, June Choi, Bella Tonkonogy, Valerio Micale and Cooper WetherbeeSeptember 19, 2019This study identifies the changes the Paris Agreement implies for the role of Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) – specifically members of the IDFC – and how they may implement these changes through a targeted set of activities.
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Projeto de Lei de Conversão da MP 884/2019 Inviabiliza a Regularização Ambiental de Propriedades Rurais
September 9, 2019Nesta nota técnica, CPI/PUC-Rio analisam o Projeto de Lei de Conversão 22/2019 proveniente da Medida Provisória 884/2019, que altera artigos do Código Florestal e pode regularizar automaticamente milhares de propriedades rurais se for aprovado no Congresso Nacional sem alterações. O PLV 22/2019, aprovado por unanimidade no dia 4 de setembro de 2019, na Comissão Mista da MPV 884/2019, afeta drasticamente o Programa de Regularização Ambiental (PRA).
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A Sustainable Economic Transition for Berau, East Kalimantan
This CPI study, produced as part of Project LEOPALD or Low Emissions Oil Palm Development examines whether palm oil’s potential as an economic driver will bear out for Indonesia’s goals, using Berau as an example case.
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Nova Proposta de Alteração do Código Florestal Traz Ameaças à sua Implementação: Medida Provisória 884/2019 Possui Implicações que Vão Além do CAR
Nesta nota técnica, pesquisadores do CPI/PUC-Rio, indentificam que a Lei 12.651/2012, conhecida como novo Código Florestal, constitui uma oportunidade única para o Brasil conciliar o aumento da produção agropecuária e a preservação do meio ambiente. Porém, passados sete anos da sua publicação e pacificadas as discussões sobre a sua aplicação pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, a sua implementação está sob risco.
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Alternative Investment Funds as a Potential Pathway for Refinancing Clean Energy Debt in India
Alternative Investment Funds offer the best near and medium-term path to expanding renewable energy access to capital markets.
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Pathways for Sustainable Agricultural Production in Brazil: Necessary Investments and Potential Gains of Increasing Efficiency
Juliano Assunção and Arthur BragançaJune 19, 2019This publication summarizes the findings from a recent research project by CPI/PUC-Rio which computes the capital costs of maximizing Brazil’s agricultural production without increasing deforestation. This research provides unique insights in potential policy changes needed in Brazil to help farmers overcome the constraints they face to invest in modern technologies, inputs and equipment.
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Aligning Rural Credit with the Forest Code
This document, which was elaborated by CPI/PUC-Rio, recommends the association between Rural Credit and the Forest Code to be put in practice in the next Plano Safra (2019/2020) – which is Brazilian annual agricultural plan.
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Developing a Guarantee Instrument to Catalyze Renewable Energy Investments in Indonesia
This CPI study, produced in collaboration with PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur (Persero) explores the potential of developing a green investment bank model in Indonesia.
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Proposta do Relator da MPV 867/2018 Coloca em Risco o Novo Código Florestal
Esta Nota Técnica mostra que aprovação do Projeto de Lei de Conversão da forma proposta pelo relator representa um retrocesso, pois enfraquece e retarda a implementação do novo Código Florestal. Em especial, a proposta gera um grande risco de paralização de todos os PRA em andamento, amplia os benefícios aos proprietários rurais que desmataram ilegalmente, além de trazer um risco concreto de judicialização das novas regras por alterarem drasticamente a Lei 12.651/2012.
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The Impact of Rural Credit on Brazilian Agriculture and the Environment
April 17, 2019This brief summarizes findings from an emerging research by CPI/PUC-Rio on the role rural credit plays in Brazil. CPI analysts, under INPUT, determined that rural credit makes a significant difference in raising agricultural productivity and improving land use. The analysts conclude that lack of financial resources often limits farmers’ production possibilities in Brazil. Improved credit access allows producers to make new decisions that lead to higher productivity.
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Decreto nº 9.760/2019 Altera Regras de Conversão de Multa Ambiental em Prestação de Serviços Ambientais
Neste documento, pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio, através do projeto INPUT, analisam as principais mudanças provocadas por esse novo decreto no procedimento de conversão de multa ambiental, identificando quais regras foram mantidas, quais foram alteradas e quais foram revogadas. Para uma melhor compreensão do impacto dessas mudanças, as pesquisadoras também mapeiam como se deu a evolução da legislação federal sobre conversão de multa ambiental. Finalmente, são identificadas as principais incertezas e lacunas que precisam ser enfrentadas para a efetiva implementação do programa de conversão de multa.
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Combating Illegal Deforestation: Strengthening Command and Control is Fundamental
This white paper, developed by CPI/PUC-Rio, proposes actions to solidify and improve monitoring and law enforcement in the fight against illegal deforestation. These proposals draw on empirical evidence on the effectiveness and limitations of Brazilian public policy.
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Sumário Executivo - Crescimento Econômico Mais Sustentável para o Brasil
Luiza Antonaccio, Juliano Assunção, Maína Celidonio, Joana Chiavari, Cristina Leme Lopes and Amanda SchutzeMarch 26, 2019O relatório, realizado pelo CPI/PUC-Rio em cooperação com o Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento mostra que o Brasil tem potencial para impulsionar o crescimento econômico sustentável usando suas terras de maneira mais produtiva, dando escala à ação em energia renovável e eficiência energética e reduzindo o tempo gasto no transporte de carga e o desperdiçado pelos trabalhadores no trânsito.
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Understanding the impact of a low carbon transition on South Africa
Matthew Huxham, Muhammed Anwar and David NelsonMarch 26, 2019 -
Amendments to a Provisional Measure Threaten the Implementation of Brazil's new Forest Code
This technical note addresses the Law 12,651/2012, nearly seven years since its enactment the debate has subsided about its implementation, and amendments to a provisional measure are being considered by Congress. The provisional measure addresses the necessary extension of the deadline for entry into the Environmental Regularization Program (PRA), but also contains amendments that aim to deeply change the law, threatening the implementation of the new Forest Code. Due to the procedures for approving provisional measures, these changes are being proposed without sufficient reflection or debate, without any public participation, and with limited parliamentary involvement. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the amendments do not meet the standards of urgency and relevance typical of provisional measures
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Developing a roadmap to a flexible, low-carbon Indian electricity system
Udetanshu, Saarthak Khurana and David NelsonFebruary 13, 2019Without policy intervention and new market design, India’s clean electricity future may struggle to achieve its potential.
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The Land-use Finance Tool
The Land-use Finance Tool offers methodological guidelines to countries, jurisdictions and their partners to map public and private investments that support forest and climate objectives, and those which might be driving deforestation.
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Large-scale Reforestation: Starting with Public Lands in the Brazilian Amazon
In this brief, researchers at CPI/PUC-Rio propose a starting point for this effort. They argue that cleared lands within public domain in the Amazon offer a unique opportunity for Brazil to implement large-scale reforestation by relying on natural forest regeneration.
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Understanding and Increasing Finance for Climate Adaptation in Developing Countries
Valerio Micale, Bella Tonkonogy and Federico MazzaDecember 13, 2018This report explores the current state of finance for climate adaptation and proposes practical, near term solutions to both fill in knowledge gaps and to increase investment.
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Assessing the Capital Costs of Maximizing Sustainable Agricultural Production in Brazil
Arthur Bragança and Juliano AssunçãoDecember 5, 2018In this report, CPI/PUC-Rio explores municipality-level information on revenues, operating costs and farm equipment to quantify the costs of maximizing Brazil’s agricultural production without increasing deforestation.
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Financial Challenges and Proposals for Sustainable Production in Brazil
How can sustainable production process be accelerated in Brazil? What is the role of public policy? How can existing financial instruments in the country be reformed to align a production and protection agenda? CPI/PUC-Rio has identified three directives for policy alignment that will make important headway in reforming rural credit and creating stronger incentives for environmental conservation.
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Global Climate Finance: An Updated View 2018
Global Climate Finance: An Updated View 2018 condenses a set of updated findings from our Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2017 report based on newly published data for 2015 and 2016, to provide the latest and best information possible for policy makers and investment leaders working to scale up investment for climate change action.
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Landscape of Green Finance in India 2024
November 19, 2018The Landscape of Green Finance in India tracks flows to real economy sectors—clean energy, clean transportation, and energy efficiency—as well as to some adaptation sectors. The study considers both public and private sources of capital—domestic as well as international—to track the flow of finance from the source to the end beneficiaries through different instruments.
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Energizing Renewables in Indonesia
Suzanty Sitorus, Randy Rakhmadi, Alke Rabinsa Haesra and Muhammad Ery WijayaNovember 19, 2018This study aims to understand the role of public finance instruments for clean energy and identify opportunities to optimize them to spur private investment in Indonesia.
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Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2018
Federico Mazza, Chavi Meattle, Saurabh Trivedi, Randy Rakhmadi, Alke Rabinsa Haesra and Caroline DreyerNovember 12, 2018The Energizing Finance series focuses on public and private finance commitments in 20 developing countries – known as the high-impact countries – that together account for nearly 80% of those living without access to sustainable energy.
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Ensuring Greener Economic Growth for Brazil
Luiza Antonaccio, Juliano Assunção, Maína Celidonio, Joana Chiavari, Cristina Leme Lopes and Amanda SchutzeNovember 3, 2018Based on economic and policy analysis by CPI/PUC-Rio in cooperation with the Inter-American Development Bank , Brazil’s Ministry of Planning, Development and Management, and the WWF, This report looks at three sectors that are critical to creating a greener future for the nation: land use, energy, and transportation. For all three sectors, CPI delivers one message: promoting economic growth aligns with achieving Brazil’s climate commitments.
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Drivers and Challenges for Rooftop Solar Loans to Small and Medium Enterprises in India
Jolly Sinha, Sagar Srijan Joshi and Gireesh ShrimaliOctober 31, 2018A CAPEX model with a commercial loan for the off-taker is a potential solution for these categories of customers. In this report, we assess the viability of the CAPEX loan model with a focus on the MSME sector, identify barriers to uptake, and recommended policy solutions to these barriers.
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Empowering Oil Palm Smallholder Farmers through Alternative Livelihoods
Alke Rabinsa Haesra, Cherika Novianti Hardjakusumah and Muhammad Ery WijayaOctober 26, 2018This brief focuses on the business model aspects of two alternative livelihoods – cattle feed and fisheries – with application specifically to the East Kotawaringin and Katingan districts of Central Kalimantan in Indonesia.
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The Lab: 2017-2018 Cycle Instrument Analysis
Felipe Borschiver, Tatiana Alves and Rosaly ByrdOctober 12, 2018Selected for development from among hundreds of ideas submitted, the Lab’s investors prioritized ideas from sectors that remain critical for climate change action.
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Credit Support Pathways for Rooftop Solar Projects in India
Vaibhav Pratap Singh, Resham Bagaria, Vijay Nirmal Gavarraju, Aparna Khandelwal, Dhruba Purkayastha, Upendra Bhatt and Gireesh ShrimaliOctober 8, 2018The proposed Credit Guarantee Mechanism addresses the most important barriers to scaling rooftop solar in the MSME sector; and could be crucial if India wants to achieve its rooftop solar target by 2022.
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The Dynamics of Agricultural Technology Adoption in Brazil: Evidence Shows Three Distinct Patterns of Technology Uptake
This new report researchers at CPI/PUC-Rio and INPUT aims to fill this gap. It leverages recently released municipality-level information from Brazil’s 2017 Agricultural Census to describe the evolution of three agricultural practices typically connected with processes of agricultural intensification: direct planting system, a modern soil conservation technique, tractors, and fertilizers.
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Responsible Commodities Facility
A vehicle to promote the responsible production of commodities, particularly soy, in the Brazilian Cerrado biome, through incentives to plant in already cleared and degraded lands
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Caaporã | The Socio-Climate Benefits Fund
A fund to increase forest restoration in the Amazon by investing and providing technical assistance to restore degraded lands in smallholders’ farms with agroforestry systems and, at the same time, developing and facilitating sales of their products
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Smallholder Forestry Vehicle
A vehicle to increase clean energy access through mini-grids in Sub-Saharan Africa, by addressing demand and revenue risk through a risk pooling guarantee
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Green Aggregation Tech Enterprise (GATE)
A vehicle to increase clean energy access through mini-grids in Sub-Saharan Africa, by addressing demand and revenue risk through a risk pooling guarantee
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Pay As You Save for Clean Transport
A vehicle to accelerate investment in clean transit by lowering the upfront cost of electric buses, allowing a utility to capitalize the on-board battery and charging station for bus owners and recover its costs with a predictable monthly charge
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The Residential Rooftop Solar Accelerator
A vehicle to accelerate mass adoption of residential rooftop solar to power 200 million households in India, through standardized product offering, easy financing and efficient execution at scale
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Battery Subscription Facility
An electric bus battery financing mechanism to provide long-term debt financing to the electric transit sector in India, and reduce the ownership cost of electric buses to compete with diesel buses
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Challenges and Opportunities of Energy Efficiency: A Look at Brazilian Industry
Juliano Assunção, Amanda Schutze and Sara BrolhatoSeptember 28, 2018This brief introduces an analysis of energy efficiency and productivity in Brazilian industry. CPI/PUC-Rio researchers show that, energy efficiency and productive efficiency in the Brazilian industry are related. Because of that, challenges in promoting energy efficiency align with broader issues regarding sectoral productivity.
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Smallholder Forestry Vehicle
The Smallholder Forestry Vehicle packages tree production partnership contracts with thousands of smallholder farmers and sells them to investors, providing farmers and forestry companies with access to low-cost, long-term finance while enabling institutional investors to access sustainable forestry investments.
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Financing for Low-Carbon Auto Rickshaws
Financing for Low-Carbon Auto-Rickshaws is a loan product that will enable drivers to purchase electric auto-rickshaws by providing debt financing for 100% of the purchase, lower interest rates, and no collateral requirements.
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PopLuz | Distributed Energy for Social Housing (DESH)
The Distributed Energy for Social Housing Fund (DESH) is a financial solution that can accelerate distributed solar power for low-income tenants in Brazil. It is a third-party ownership and rental model for distributed solar systems in low-income condominiums in Brazil. It provides a robust, low-risk structure for investors, and energy cost savings for the low-income tenants.
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Deep decarbonization by 2050: Rethinking the role of climate finance
Given the fundamental role finance plays in all facets of the global economy, it’s time to ask: How does a focus on 2050 change how we spend money today?
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Towards a More Sustainable and Efficient Palm Oil Supply Chain
Tiza Mafira, Randy Rakhmadi and Cherika Novianti HardjakusumahJuly 16, 2018Berau can reach optimal palm oil production levels and fulfill mill capacity needs with minimal land expansion, however, smallholders – who represent a key piece of the supply chain – currently face challenges preventing them from operating efficiently.
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The Fragmented Rules of Brazilian Rural Credit
July 2, 2018In this brief, CPI/PUC-Rio analysts identify features of the rural credit policy that create a fragmentation of rules and, consequently, additional artificial variation in credit access and loan conditions
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Transitional Foreign Exchange Debt Platform
Analyzing all the pertinent constraints to the stakeholders in this case study we propose a solution that appears most feasible: A Transitional Foreign Exchange Debt Platform.
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Designing Technical Assistance Activities for Adaptation and Resilience Companies
Karoline Hallmeyer and Bella TonkonogyMay 21, 2018This CPI working paper focuses on understanding what would be needed for adaptation and resilience companies – specifically, analytics, or intelligence, companies – to expand in developing countries. Analytics companies help clients measure their potential impacts from climate change and identify measures to reduce them.
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An Assessment of India's Energy Choices
A four-report series that looks at the future of renewable energy in India along different economic dimensions, including the social costs, macroeconomic impacts, environmental impacts, financial risk, and flexibility considerations.
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Addressing Off-Taker Risk in Renewable Projects in India
One of the most important risks to the Indian renewable energy sector is the counterparty credit risk, associated with the risk of state-owned utilities delaying or defaulting on their contractual payments to power producers, adding as much as 1.07% of additional risk premium to the cost of debt for renewable energy projects (CPI, 2018), and also limiting the availability of capital.
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Indonesia’s Village Fund
Guntur Sutiyono, Saeful Muluk, Tiza Mafira and Randy RakhmadiApril 3, 2018In keeping with its goals for sustainable economic growth and an inclusive and equitable economy, Indonesia is committed to avoiding deforestation. As the drivers of deforestation often originate from activities outside of forest borders, it is not enough to solve deforestation by conducting segregated actions targeted to specific forest areas. Indonesia must also work to strengthen the rural economy and improve regional collaboration by working across various administrative jurisdictions that encompass forest governance. To ensure the success of this jurisdictional approach, improved economic power and village governance are key.
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Approaches to assess the additionality of climate investments
Donovan Escalante, Dario Abramskiehn, Karoline Hallmeyer and Jessica BrownMarch 27, 2018As governments and development finance institutions scale up delivery of climate finance commitments, the question of how to measure and ensure additionality becomes increasingly important. This paper presents new methodological approaches for assessing the additionality of climate investments, developed by Climate Policy initiative through ongoing work monitoring and evaluating the Climate Public Private Partnership (CP3).
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The Brazilian Forest Code Finally can be Implemented. What's next?
Compliance with the rules by rural producers is fundamental to the effective implementation of the Forest Code. To assist them in complying with the law, the Climate Policy Initiative/Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (CPI/PUC-Rio) and Land Use Initiative (INPUT – Iniciativa para o Uso da Terra) offers an insight of Supreme Court decision and practical implications for producers.
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Getting to India’s Renewable Energy Targets
This study finds that while the renewable energy sector in India offers an attractive investment opportunity that is well matched with the needs of institutional investors, there are still barriers to investment.
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Supporting the Momentum of Paris
Padraig Oliver, Bella Tonkonogy, David Wang and Xueying WangMarch 7, 2018In light of not only the scale of climate finance needs, but also the type of public finance instruments needed to leverage private flows, the importance of more connected coordination and collaboration by international public climate finance actors is crucial. Systems thinking approaches support the recognition of the effects of existing and new actors on scaling overall flows and their direction of travel, as well as support the collective optimisation of public finance interventions to achieve the scale needed – helping to understand not only the specific niche of each actor, but also how actors can most effectively coordinate and collaborate to achieve enduring impact.
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Decisão do STF Sobre o Novo Código Florestal Enfraquece a Cota de Reserva Ambiental (CRA)
March 2, 2018Em novo artigo, pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio comentam que apesar do Supremo Tribunal Federal manter os principais pilares da lei que instituiu o novo Código Florestal e abrir caminho para a sua implementação, com relação à Cota de Reserva Ambiental, ainda há uma incoerência importante.
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Nota Técnica Sobre o Julgamento do Novo Código Florestal
February 28, 2018Em nota técnica, pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio comentam que o STF deveria ter se debruçado sobre a questão principal: decidir sobre a constitucionalidade do marco temporal de 22 de julho de 2008, que cria o duplo regime jurídico – o regime geral das Áreas de Preservação Permanente e Reserva Legal e o regime especial, com parâmetros mais flexíveis, das áreas consolidadas em APP e Reserva Legal.
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Distribution Channels for Rural Credit
February 27, 2018In this Brief, CPI/PUC-Rio analysts, under INPUT, have partnered with the Central Bank of Brazil to conduct a comprehensive analysis of rural credit distribution channels. It provides an overview of how the distribution channels for credit generate additional uncertainties for producers. It describes how credit is administered and distributed, focusing on the effects access to agricultural funding has at the local level.
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Scaling up Rooftop Solar Power in India: The Potential of Solar Municipal Bonds
Saurabh Trivedi, Indro Ray and Gregor VulturiusFebruary 22, 2018A new model for municipal financing for rooftop solar, via issuance of municipal bonds, has the potential to increase debt availability for rooftop solar project developers and lower rooftop solar costs up to 12% in Indian cities.
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Blended Finance in Clean Energy: Experiences and Opportunities
Bella Tonkonogy, Jessica Brown, Valerio Micale, Xueying Wang and Alex ClarkJanuary 25, 2018 -
Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2018
Barbara Buchner, Cameron Carswell, Chavi Meattle, Padraig Oliver, Xueying Wang, Henning Wuester, Caroline Dreyer, Federico Mazza, Rabia Ferroukhi and Diala HawilaJanuary 13, 2018The Global Landscape of Renewable Energy 2018 report is a concise, accessible summary of finance flows to renewables around the world. The study examines finance flows worldwide in 2013-2016, broken down by technology, financial instrument, and region.
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Comentários ao Voto do Ministro Luiz Fux - ADIs Código Florestal
Em nota técnica, pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio analisaram o voto do Ministro do STF Luiz Fux no julgamento das quatro Ações Diretas de Inconstitucionalidade contra o novo Código Florestal. Elas mostram inconsistências no voto e prováveis desdobramentos para a implementação do código caso o entendimento do ministro prevaleça no STF.
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Recent Hydropower Plants In Brazil Lead To Varying Local Economics Effects
Juliano Assunção, Dimitri Szerman and Francisco CostaNovember 17, 2017Hydroelectricity is the largest source of energy in Brazil’s portfolio and has brought with it a charged economic and environmental debate about the impact of hydropower plants (HPP) on their surrounding areas. This brief summarizes an analysis that measures the effects of HPP’s on economic performance and finances of municipalities.
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Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2017
Barbara Buchner, Padraig Oliver, Xueying Wang, Cameron Carswell, Chavi Meattle and Federico MazzaOctober 31, 2017Climate Policy Initiative’s 2017 edition of the Global Landscape of Climate Finance updates the most comprehensive assessment of annual climate finance flows with data from 2015 and 2016, providing, for the first time, a five-year trend analysis on the how, where, and from whom finance is flowing toward low-carbon and climate-resilient actions globally.
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Forest and Land Use Policies on Private Lands: an International Comparison
October 17, 2017This new study by CPI/PUC-Rio researchers with INPUT compares forest protection and land use legislation of some of the world’s top ten exporters of agricultural products, including Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany and the United States, in order to understand: What does compliance with the Brazilian Forest Code mean compared to what other countries are required to do by law? This exploratory legal analysis focuses on answering this first question by investigating whether other countries have limitations on the use of private rural properties similar those imposed by the Brazilian Forest Code.
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Developing Brazil’s Market for Distributed Solar Generation
Juliano Assunção and Amanda SchutzeOctober 10, 2017Renewable resources are at the center of the discussion on how to move towards a clean and reliable energy system around the world and are seen as a key instrument in combatting greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Brazil especially holds potential for advancing its level of solar energy through distributed generation, which generates power on-site at the point of consumption. In this new study, CPI researchers analyzed more than 5.000 municipalities in Brazil and show that demandside factors drive consumer uptake of PV distributed energy generation.
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The Lab: 2016-2017 Cycle Instrument Analysis
Joseph Mabe, Angela Falconer, Bella Tonkonogy, Gloria Coleman, Karoline Hallmeyer, Valerio Micale, Dario Abramskiehn, Tatiana Alves, Felipe Borschiver, Donovan Escalante, Divjot Singh, Saurabh Trivedi, Gireesh Shrimali, Vaibhav Pratap Singh and Ricardo NarvaezSeptember 20, 2017 -
Green FIDC
An instrument to package and securitize the cashflows of renewable energy projects and sell shares in local capital markets, providing long-term finance for projects in Brazil
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Cloud Forest Blue Energy Mechanism
Ricardo Narvaez, Joseph Mabe and Angela FalconerSeptember 19, 2017A mechanism for restoration and conservation of cloud forests in Latin America, which can improve the productivity of hydroelectric plants
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Lab Instrument Analysis: CRAFT
Bella Tonkonogy, Gloria Coleman, Karoline Hallmeyer and Valerio MicaleSeptember 19, 2017A fund that blends commercial and catalytic finance to invest growth equity in companies to accelerate the diffusion of climate intelligence products and resilience building solutions
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Tracking Finance for Electricity and Clean Cooking Access
Barbara Buchner, Federico Mazza, Valerio Micale, Vivien Foster, Corinna Bordewieck, Danya Li Churanek, Dana Rysankova, Rahul Barua, Cameron Carswell, Malcolm Cosgrove-Davies, Rebecca Soares and Alp KatalanSeptember 18, 2017The new Energizing Finance report series reveals that current flow of finance for energy access and clean cooking will not achieve global goals for delivering universal access by 2030. Yet the data also shows that by scaling and refining finance strategies, we can reach more people, more affordably, with sustainable energy.
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Supporting National Development Banks to Drive Investment in the Nationally Determined Contributions of Brazil, Mexico, and Chile
Dario Abramskiehn, Karoline Hallmeyer, Chiara Trabacchi, Donovan Escalante, Maria Netto, Maria Margarita Cabrera and Alexander VasaSeptember 18, 2017The Paris Agreement combats climate change through country-defined sustainable development plans, aiming to align financing flows with low-carbon climate resilient growth. National development banks and local financial institutions can play key roles in providing climate financing and supporting implementation of these plans.
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Nota Técnica Sobre Áreas 'Anistiadas' Pelo Novo Código Florestal
September 15, 2017Pesquisadoras do CPI questionam número divulgado por estudo sobre áreas ‘anistiadas’ pelo novo Código Florestal.
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Financing clean power: a risk-based approach to choosing ownership models and policy & finance instruments
Will Steggals, David Nelson and Gaia StiglianiSeptember 4, 2017 -
Building Resilience In Brazil's Biofuel Market
August 21, 2017The analysts observe that the rise of flex cars is a key channel for improving consumer benefits and should be taken into consideration by policymakers, especially when they consider expanding production and markets for alternative fuels, such as hydrogen and electricity.
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Overcoming barriers to institutional investments in renewables
Matthew Huxham, Uday Varadarajan, Brian O'Connell and David NelsonAugust 8, 2017 -
Clean Energy Investment Trust: financial innovation for pension funds & insurers
Uday Varadarajan, Matthew Huxham, Brian O'Connell, David Nelson and David PosnerAugust 8, 2017 -
Cota de Reserva Ambiental: Melhor Opção para Compensar Reserva Legal?
Pesquisadoras do CPI/PUC-Rio, através do projeto INPUT, analisaram as alternativas para compensação de Reserva Legal, ressaltando as vantagens e desvantagens inerentes a cada modalidade
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What Does the Surge in Amazon Regeneration Mean for Brazil?
Given the growth of the secondary regenration of the Brazilian Amazon, INPUT researchers at Climate Policy Initiative (CPI)/ PUC-Rio conducted a study to show its possible causes and consequences.
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Why are Land Rights Important to Brazil?
Secure rural land rights would benefit the whole country. This CPI’s infographic explains why this is a key issue in Brazil.
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Evolution of Land Rights in Rural Brazil: Frameworks for Understanding, Pathways for Improvement
June 6, 2017This analysis provides an in-depth look at the evolution of rural property rights in Brazil and the history that has shaped the complex situation the nation now faces.
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The Next Step Towards Climate Change Mitigation: Improving Productivity of Brazil’s Agricultural Lands
Major transformations in agriculture have promoted yield gains, without increasing new forest clearings. The studies provide four examples in which this is the case — the soybean revolution in the Cerrado, the expansion of electricity in rural areas, a recent surge of sugarcane, and a change in the relative crop-to-beef prices.
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Electrification, Agricultural Productivity and Deforestation in Brazil
May 22, 2017This study identifies productivity shocks using the expansion of rural electrification in Brazil during 1960-2000. The analysis shows that electrification increased crop productivity, and farmers subsequently both expand farming through frontier land conversion, but also shift away from cattle ranching and into crop cultivation.
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Flexibility: the path to low-carbon, low-cost electricity grids
David Nelson, Andrew Goggins and David PosnerApril 25, 2017 -
Conversão de Multas Ambientais em Prestação de Serviços Ambientais
April 17, 2017Neste documento, pesquisadores do CPI/PUC-Rio analisam os principais entraves para a utilização da conversão de multa ambiental em prestação de serviços ambientais e propõem recomendações a serem adotadas pelo Poder Executivo para a sua efetiva implementação. Por fim, discutem a adoção desse mecanismo através do Código Florestal
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Decarbonization of Indian Railways: Assessing Balancing Costs and Policy Risks
Complete decarbonization of the electricity demand of Indian Railways (IR) – transitioning from the current, largely fossil-fuel based energy mix to clean energy like solar and wind power – is likely to have multiple benefits. These include support in achieving India’s clean energy targets, enhancing India’s energy security, and reducing IR’s operational costs.
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Lessons and Innovations to Spur Green Investment in Developing Countries
This brief compiles and summarizes lessons from CPI analysis and projects from 2015 and 2016 on how governments and public finance institutions can work together with each other and the private sector to effectively and efficiently reduce the risks and costs of projects in order to attract green investment.
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The Productivity of International Financial Institutions’ Energy Interventions
Martin Stadelmann, Karoline Hallmeyer and Mariano Mejìa ValenzuelaMarch 14, 2017This report analyses international financial institutions’ energy portfolios, identifies best practices, and develops an innovative methodological approach to show these organizations how they can adjust their approach to deliver on their mandates to increase economic productivity and meet environmental and social objectives while lowering energy use from fossil fuel sources at least cost.
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The Landscape of REDD+ Aligned Finance in Côte d’Ivoire
January 30, 2017This study identifies domestic and international public finance that limited deforestation and encouraged sustainable land use in Côte d’Ivoire in 2015. It provides a baseline against which to measure progress towards the levels of investment required to meet government goals for sustainable agriculture and reforestation. It also identifies opportunities to increase finance available for implementation of its National REDD+ Strategy. For example, greening the hundreds of billions of West African CFA francs (FCFA) spent annually on business-as-usual agriculture in the country could increase productivity without sacrificing the country’s forests.
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Reaching India's Renewable Energy Targets: The Role of Institutional Investors
India has ambitious renewable energy targets of 175GW by 2022. In order to meet this target, the renewable energy sector in India will require $189 billion in additional investment, including $57 billion in equity, and $132 billion in debt. The potential amount of investment in the renewable energy sector in India is more than double the investment required. However, the amount of investment expected falls short of the investment required, by 29% for equity and 27% for debt. Institutional investors show significant potential to help fill this financing gap.
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Rural Settlements and Deforestation in the Amazon
Given this new focus on smaller clearings, which rural farmers and ranchers often instigate, INPUT researchers at Climate Policy Initiative (CPI)/ PUC-Rio investigated a critical question: do rural settlements cause deforestation?
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Green Bonds for Cities in Developing Countries
This report offers a strategic guide for cities in developing countries to access finance from green bonds, a potential source of finance for cities in developing countries looking to secure investment in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure to meet the water, energy, housing and transportation needs of their expanding urban populations.
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European Renewable Energy Policy and Investment
David Nelson, Brian O'Connell, Luca De Lorenzo and Matthew HuxhamDecember 6, 2016 -
Panorama dos Direitos de Propriedade no Brasil Rural: Legislação, Gestão Fundiária e Código Florestal
November 9, 2016Os problemas fundiários no Brasil são tão velhos quanto nossa própria história. Até os dias de hoje, milhares de imóveis rurais estão em situação irregular, muitos agricultores não possuem títulos de propriedade e há espaços onde não é possível afirmar com certeza quem possui os direitos de propriedade sobre a terra. No Brasil, há vários municípios com áreas registradas que superam em uma, duas ou mais vezes a sua superfície territorial.
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India Innovation Lab for Green Finance: 2015-2016 Cycle Instrument Analysis
On October 25, 2016 the the India Lab announced endorsement of three innovative investment vehicles that will help drive millions of dollars of needed investment to India’s clean energy and green growth targets.
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Central Kalimantan High Conservation Value Provincial Assessment
October 14, 2016Central Kalimantan is at a crucial juncture for sustainable land use. The region is in the middle of a mid-term regional development planning process and has the opportunity to make choices that benefit its communities and businesses into the future. Strong, evidence-based information on land values can inform the Strategic Environmental Assessment which feeds into the provincial spatial plan (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Provinsi or “RTRWP”). This analysis provides a framework to help the Central Kalimantan government, businesses and communities make informed decisions about how to manage land more sustainably. In particular, the report identifies biological, ecological, social, and cultural values considered exceptionally important in Central Kalimantan, and identifies threats to areas where these values occur.
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Design for a District Level Natural Capital Assessment in Central Kalimantan
This working paper, produced by Climate Policy Initiative with the technical support of Palangkaraya Institute for Land Use and Agricultural Research (PILAR) and University of Palangkaraya (UNPAR), lays the foundation for district level natural capital assessment in Central Kalimantan by reviewing existing mapping and regulations, and describing the design of such a study.
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Challenges and Opportunities for Efficient Land Use in Mozambique: Taxes, Financing, and Infrastructure
Researchers at Climate Policy Initiative—as part of the New Climate Economy project—examined the challenges and opportunities for investing in agriculture and natural resources management, with the goal of laying out next steps toward more efficient and sustainable land use in Mozambique. Focusing on low-cost policy modifications, we found four ways to improve agricultural productivity and natural resource management.
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SunSHIFT Global Fleet of Modular Moveable Megawatt Scale Solar Assets
September 30, 2016A new asset facility to back a global fleet of moveable, megawatt-scale solar farms and aims to deploy 10 MW of solar power in the first year
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The Matchmaker Service
Labanya Prakash Jena, Jolly Sinha and Gireesh ShrimaliSeptember 30, 2016A platform to drive needed private capital to sustainable urbanization projects in India by connecting investors and municipalities with a pipeline of investment opportunities
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Renewable Energy Scale-Up Facility (RESF)
Bella Tonkonogy, Dario Abramskiehn and Valerio MicaleSeptember 30, 2016An innovative options mechanism to dramatically reduce risk and drive large amounts of private institutional investment into early-stage renewable energy development in emerging markets
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Distributed Energy Generation for Cooperatives (DGC)
An instrument to finance distributed renewable energy systems in agricultural and transport cooperatives, which can help Brazil increase its share of renewables in its power supply and mitigate its carbon emissions
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Ecopec | Climate Smart Cattle Ranching (CSCR)
A business model to provide resources and technical assistance to intensify and increase cattle production in Brazil, while also restoring degraded pastures and forests, and decreasing deforestation
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Sustainable Energy Bonds (SEBs)
A class of bonds to drive impact investment to sustainable energy in India by offering debt exposure, sufficient returns, and standardized impact measures
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Solar Investment Trusts (SEITs)
Divjot Singh, Saurabh Trivedi and Gireesh ShrimaliSeptember 30, 2016A solar-specific investment trust to mobilize capital to the rooftop solar sector in India
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Global Climate Finance: An Updated View on 2013 and 2014 Flows
Federico Mazza, James Falzon and Barbara BuchnerSeptember 29, 2016Since 2011, CPI’s Global Landscape of Climate Finance has become a benchmark for information about how finance is flowing from actors and sources, toward low-carbon and climate-resilient activities. CPI has reviewed climate finance flows for the years 2013 and 2014.
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The Drivers and Challenges of Third Party Financing for Rooftop Solar Power in India
In order to expand the rooftop solar industry in India, there is a need to develop policy solutions, business models, and financing instruments which can address these barriers. One promising solution to manage these barriers is the third party financing model. However, the third party financing model would first need to overcome certain challenges. This report explores the driving factors and challenges to the third party financing model, and proposes a series of recommendations for policy changes and financial instruments which could address these challenges.
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Insecure Land Rights in Brazil: Consequences for Rural Areas and Challenges for Improvement
This report shows that there are important social, economic, and environmental costs associated with the lack of well-defined property rights; while at the same time presenting the many complexities within Brazil’s system of land governance that need to be addressed in order to improve the system.
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As Agricultural Production Surges in Matopiba, What Are the Consequences for the Local Economy?
Despite the importance of Matopiba to Brazil’s economy, the impact and extent of this surge in agricultural output has not been thoroughly studied. For instance, this study shows that agricultural expansion in Matopiba is heavily concentrated in municipalities located in the Cerrado biome.
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Decarbonization of Indian Railways
One key sector of the Indian economy that could set a strategic example for decarbonization and meeting India’s 2030 targets under the Paris Agreement is the rail transport system, and specifically Indian Railways (IR), India’s national railway service. In this report, we have identified different potential pathways to decarbonization of IR by 2030 and examined their cost-effectiveness and feasibility.
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Sugarcane's Role in Fueling the Economy
July 22, 2016This publication provides insights about the widespread reach and impacts of the sugarcane mills’ expansion in Brazilian municipalities.
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Improving Brazil's Agricultural Productivity by Targeting Infrastructure
If there seems to be general agreement that transport infrastructure is lacking, what is the hurdle that prevents investment? In this paper, INPUT researchers at Climate Policy Initiative in Brazil investigate how the regulation of this market may be to blame.
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Código Florestal e Crédito Rural: como Aperfeiçoar a Integração de Duas Importantes Políticas
June 27, 2016Nesta publicação, pesquisadores do CPI/PUC-Rio, através do projeto INPUT, mostram de que maneira a associação entre o Crédito Rural e o Código Florestal pode ser aperfeiçoada e colocada em prática já em 2017, através do Plano Agrícola e Pecuário e do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf).
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Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance - 2015-2016 Cycle Instrument Analyses
Valerio Micale, Karoline Hallmeyer, Jessica Williams, Donovan Escalante, Dario Abramskiehn, James Falzon, Chiara Trabacchi, Bella Tonkonogy, Angela Falconer, Randy Rakhmadi, Padraig Oliver, Federico Mazza and David WangJune 27, 2016On 27 June 2016 in London, Lab Advisors and Principals met to review 2015-2016 instruments, endorse their technical design, and indicate future backing. Principals endorsed four pilot-ready instruments to unlock investment in climate adaptation and mitigation in developing countries.
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Lab Instrument Analysis: Energy Efficiency Enabling Initiative
A private equity fund that relies on donor-backed equity capital, technical assistance, and risk mitigation instruments to crowd in private investment in energy efficiency
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Beyond YieldCos
Uday Varadarajan, David Nelson, Andrew Goggins and Morgan Hervé-MignucciJune 27, 2016 -
The Role of the Climate Investment Funds in Meeting Investment Needs
Chiara Trabacchi, Jessica Brown, Rodney Boyd, David Wang and James FalzonJune 3, 2016This study’s primary aim is to identify if and where the CIF business model adds value in the landscape of climate finance and whether the CIF holds a comparative advantage in supporting climate-relevant investment needs compared to other multilateral climate funds.
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Key Issues for Property Rights in Brazil: Implications for the Forest Code
The purpose of this paper is to assess how the nature of property rights in Brazil will affect the implementation of the Forest Code and the realization of the potential positive environmental impacts. This paper analyzes the historical evolution of property rights in Brazil, and it examines how the institutional structure of administering property rights affects the incentives and behavior for property owners.
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Driving Foreign Investment to Renewable Energy in India: A Payment Security Mechanism to Address Off-Taker Risk
As India prepares to meet its increasing energy demands, which will likely double by 2030, the government has set a path towards ambitious renewable energy targets of …
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Regulierungen und Investitionen für die Energiewende
David Nelson, Matthew Huxham, Stefan Muench and Brian O'ConnellApril 14, 2016 -
Policy and investment in German renewable energy
David Nelson, Matthew Huxham, Stefan Muench and Brian O'ConnellApril 14, 2016 -
Government Assets: Risks and Opportunities in a Changing Climate Policy Landscape
Andrew Goggins and David NelsonMarch 22, 2016This paper helps policymakers and stakeholders better understand how issues around climate related policies affect national budgets. It also offers suggestions about how policymakers and stakeholders can develop appropriate strategies.
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Comentários à Resolução Conjunta SMA/SAA nº 1/2016 sobre o PRA de São Paulo
Esta nota técnica do CPI/PUC-Rio, faz uma análise das principais questões estabelecidas pela Resolução Conjunta SMA/SAA no 1/2016, a fim de colaborar com o debate sobre a interpretação e implementação das regras do PRA no Estado de São Paulo.
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Taking Stock of International Contributions to Low Carbon, Climate Resilient Land Use in Indonesia
Angela Falconer and Skye GlendayFebruary 2, 2016This paper discusses the role of international development partners in financing mitigation and adaptation actions in the land use sectors in Indonesia. We evaluate what progress has been made to date, what challenges have been met, and what opportunities lie ahead to effectively support Indonesia, reflecting on the value add that development partners bring to the domestic picture.
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Improving Land Productivity through Fiscal Policy
Indonesia’s government has ambitious dual revenue and emission reduction goals: its 2015 revenue targets are 21% higher than 2014 targets, and it aims to reduce emissions 29% by 2030. These dual goals make it a growing priority to find ways to encourage productive land use that can generate domestic revenue, while also curbing emissions and deforestation. In a series of two studies, CPI’s analysis indicates that Indonesia has opportunities to improve its fiscal policy frameworks to meet both goals simultaneously.
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Forest Code Compliance Flowcharts for Rural Properties
December 15, 2015These step-by-step flowcharts show how to navigate the Brazilian Forest Code and identify where potential problems may arise. They also illustrate how the environmental compliance process may differ at the state level from the process described in the Forest Code, another challenge for implementation and compliance.
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Slowing the Growth of Coal Power in China: the Role of Finance in State-Owned Enterprises
Morgan Hervé-Mignucci, Xueying Wang, David Nelson and Uday VaradarajanDecember 15, 2015CPI examines the financing of Chinese coal power plants, beginning with an overview of the current state of the coal power sector, with the aim of exploring financing levers which could optimize electric power growth while also greening the system.
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Getting the most from your green: An approach to using public money effectively through green banks and other low-carbon financing
Jeff Deason, Uday Varadarajan and Patricia LeviDecember 8, 2015This document addresses the effective uses of public financial interventions for low carbon projects. It provides an overview of Climate Policy Initiative’s (CPI’s) approach
to determining the most efficient ways in which green banking and other public financial interventions could support the transition to a low-carbon economy. -
Charting a path for finance policy in clean infrastructure
Anshuman Sahoo, David Nelson and Andrew GogginsDecember 8, 2015Rapidly developing nations face particular challenges in meeting their infrastructure investment needs. In this project, we explore the infrastructure investment models that India and Brazil have used to address them.
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What is Happening in Amazon Deforestation?
This infographic gives an overview of what is happening in Amazon deforestation.
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Brazil’s New Forest Code – Part I: How to Navigate the Complexity
This analysis, produced by researchers at CPI/PUC-Rio, is the first in a series that seeks to clarify the Forest Code in hopes of accelerating implementation and ensuring its success. This document aims at providing an overview of the code and its instruments.
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Brazil's New Forest Code: How to Navigate the Complexity
In order to achieve its climate targets and to promote efficient land use, Brazil must implement and enforce the environmental protections outlined in its Forest Code of 2012. Though it has promise, the legislation relies heavily on the compliance of Brazilian states and individual landowners to ensure its success. These two in-depth policy briefs address these challenges by facilitating understanding of and compliance with the Forest Code.
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Slowing the Growth of Coal Power Outside China: The Role of Chinese Finance
China has grown into a major provider of coal power finance in overseas markets
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Estimating Mobilized Private Finance for Adaptation: Exploring Data and Methods
Jessica Brown, Martin Stadelmann, David Wang, Leonardo Boni and Takayoshi KatoNovember 20, 2015This study advances understanding of how to assess publicly-mobilized private investment in climate resilience by developing, testing and evaluating a range of methodological options to estimate the amount of private finance mobilized by developed countries’ public finance interventions for climate adaptation in developing countries.
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Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2015
Barbara Buchner, Chiara Trabacchi, Federico Mazza, Dario Abramskiehn and David WangNovember 16, 2015The amount of climate finance invested around the world in 2014 increased by 18% over the previous year from USD 331 billion to an estimated USD 391 billion.
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Central Kalimantan’s Oil Palm Value Chain: Opportunities for Productivity, Profitability and Sustainability Gains
This working paper provides a first overview of Central Kalimantan’s oil palm value chain and the business actors involved throughout. It aims to identify how business investment can be optimized to support socially inclusive development, delivering productivity, profitability, and sustainability gains.
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Climate Finance in 2013-14 and the USD 100 Billion Goal
October 7, 2015With the aim of informing the international discussions and enhancing transparency on climate finance ahead of the UNFCCC 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) in Paris in December 2015, the current and incoming COP Presidencies, Peru and France, asked the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in collaboration with CPI to provide an up-to-date aggregate estimate of mobilized climate finance and an indication of the progress towards the UNFCCC climate finance goal.
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The Role of Technical Assistance in Mobilizing Climate Finance – Insights From GIZ Programs
Few studies examine how technical assistance may help mobilize additional public and private climate finance to help developing countries mitigate and adapt to climate change. This paper aims to provide some first insights on the topic by analyzing five technical assistance programs of the German ‘Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), one of the largest technical assistance agencies worldwide.
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Towards Efficient Land Use in Brazil
Increasing global demand for food and the need to address climate change risk make it ever more urgent to both protect ecosystems and use land more productively and efficiently. Brazil is a key player in this context and has made significant gains in recent decades. Between 1970 and 2006, its average national cattle farm productivity doubled and its average national crop farm productivity quadrupled. More recently, the country’s conservation efforts have been successful in reducing the rate of Amazon forest clearings to its lowest level in 30 years.
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What Counts: Tools to Help Define and Understand Progress Towards the $100 Billion Climate Finance Commitment
This paper aims to make a positive contribution in the lead up to Paris by first unpacking the key variables Parties have emphasized in debates about “what counts” towards the $100bn climate finance goal, and then proposing an approach to classifying climate finance that Parties could use as a starting point for their analyses and interpretations. It takes no position on what should count: instead it organizes different aspects of climate finance in politically relevant ways that could help facilitate clearer understanding and convergence.
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Lessons on the Role of Public Finance in Deploying Geothermal Energy in Developing Countries
This report provides recommendations on the design and distribution of policymakers and development finance institutions’ policy and financing tools to enable fast and cost-effective deployment of geothermal in developing countries. It draws lessons from case studies of geothermal projects with different public, private and mixed development models in Turkey, Kenya and Indonesia.
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The Landscape of Climate Exposure for Investors
Dario Abramskiehn, David Wang and Barbara BuchnerAugust 20, 2015Climate change has financial implications for investors – presenting significant portfolio risks as well as new market opportunities. This paper explores the landscape of climate exposure and examines the strengths as well as some of the current limitations of ESG data, tools, and financial products.
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Strengthening Brazil’s Forest Protection in a Changing Landscape
Juliano Assunção, Pedro Pessoa, Clarissa Gandour and Romero RochaAugust 17, 2015Annual deforestation rates in Brazil’s Amazon fell by almost 80% between 2004 and 2012 due in large part to conservation policies Brazil introduced in 2004. While this is welcome news to policymakers intent on combating forest clearings, a new challenge has emerged: deforestation now occurs on smaller tracts of land, which is more difficult to detect and remains unaddressed.
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Technological Change and Deforestation: Evidence from the Brazilian Soybean Revolution
This paper from CPI/PUC-Rio reaserch team, studies the impact of technological change in agriculture on land use in Central Brazil from 1960 to 1985. It explores technological innovations that adapted soybeans to the region to estimate the effect of these innovations on land use. Following the technological innovations, municipalities more suitable for soybean cultivation experienced increases in cropland and decreases in native pastures.
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Prices, Land Use and Deforestation: Evidence From the Tapajós Basin
August 1, 2015This paper from CPI/PUC-Rio reaserch team, examines the impact of changes in agricultural land use on deforestation at the local level in the Tapajós basin in the Brazilian Amazon. We use exogenous variation in crop to beef relative prices to investigate the effects of pasture to crop conversion on deforestation. Our findings indicate that increases in crop to beef relative prices increase the rate of pasture to crop conversion.
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Lab Instrument Analysis: Energy Savings Insurance
An instrument to insure the financial performance of energy efficiency savings projects in Mexico and other countries
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Risk Mitigation Instruments for Renewable Energy in Developing Countries: A Case Study on Hydropower in Africa
Gianleo Frisari and Valerio MicaleJuly 16, 2015This study examines the effectiveness of risk mitigation instruments used in a Ugandan hydropower project in driving investment and reducing costs and examines how these instruments might be used to drive private investment in other renewable energy projects in developing countries with high investment risks. The project is one of very few to make simultaneous use of different risk mitigation instruments provided by the World Bank Group.
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Three tools to unlock finance for land-use mitigation and adaptation
July 13, 2015This study presents three tools for governments and their partners to use to inform the design of efficient and effective land use mitigation and adaptation strategies supported by multilateral and bilateral programs, to identify domestic and international financial instruments that can redirect public and private finance towards greener land-use practices, and to encourage coordination between public instruments across land-use sectors.
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Reaching India's Renewable Energy Targets Cost-Effectively: A Foreign Exchange Hedging Facility
India has ambitious renewable energy targets for 2022, but because of the government’s limited budget, a cost-effective policy path is crucial to achieving those targets. Achieving India’s renewable energy targets cost-effectively faces two key barriers – a shortage of debt and inferior terms of debt.
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Using Private Finance to Accelerate Geothermal Deployment: Sarulla Geothermal Power Plant, Indonesia
This case study analyzes the 330MW Sarulla Geothermal Power Plant (GPP) which is on course to become the largest single contract geothermal power plant project in the world in 2018. The project has the highest private sector involvement of any geothermal project on a previously undeveloped field in Indonesia, thanks to substantial public support in the form of financing, guarantees and a feed-in tariff.
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Emerging solutions to drive private investment in climate resilience
This working paper provides emerging insights from the experience of seven Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in driving private sector investment in climate resilience.
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Achieving a high-productivity, sustainable palm oil sector in Indonesia: a landscape management approach
A growing number of government, business and civil society, including Unilever and IDH, have a goal of transforming the Indonesian rural economy by 2020, to deliver net positive environmental impacts and improve smallholder farmer livelihoods. This requires a focus on transforming the oil palm sector from being a driver of deforestation, to one that is highly productive and sustainable.
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Background report for G7 on long-term climate finance
Harald Francke Lund, Christa Clapp, Asbjørn Torvanger, Jane Wilkinson, Barbara Buchner, Martin Stadelmann, Federico Mazza, Padraig Oliver and Dario AbramskiehnJune 8, 2015 -
Using Public Finance to Attract Private Investment in Geothermal: Olkaria III Case Study, Kenya
Valerio Micale, Chiara Trabacchi and Leonardo BoniJune 2, 2015This case study looks at Olkaria III, the first privately funded and developed geothermal project in Africa to understand how the Kenyan government and international public finance are working together to attract private investment in geothermal.
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Reaching India's Renewable Energy Targets: Effective Project Allocation Mechanisms
Gireesh Shrimali, Charith Konda, Arsalan Ali Farooquee and David NelsonMay 13, 2015The Government of India has set ambitious renewable energy targets for 2022, in order to achieve its climate goals and enhance energy security. Given India’s budget constraints, a cost-effective policy path will be crucial to achieving these targets. One way to reduce the cost of government support needed to achieve its renewable energy targets is through the tariffs it uses to procure renewable energy.
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Opportunities for Increasing Productivity & Profitability of Oil Palm Smallholder Farmers in Central Kalimantan
The Governments of Indonesia and Central Kalimantan have ambitious targets to both grow the palm oil sector and improve environmental quality by reducing deforestation, and smallholder farmers are an important part of the picture. We find that, as the plantation area managed by smallholder farmers grows, there are opportunities to improve productivity and farmer benefits within all models of smallholder organization that we examined, particularly for individual partnership and independent farmers.
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The Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance: Phase 3 Instrument Reports
Chiara Trabacchi, Angela Falconer, Sarah Jo Szambelan, Donovan Escalante, Gianleo Frisari, Valerio Micale, Martin Stadelmann, Leonardo Boni and Padraig OliverApril 22, 2015In April 2015, Lab members, who include high-level experts from public and private institutions, endorsed the launch of the pilot initiatives after a year-long process supported by rigorous analysis to determine which instruments showed the most promise. The initiatives have collectively raised over USD 100 million in initial funding, with more expected to follow through an ongoing process that will draw on expertise and resources of additional Lab member institutions, as well as other private and public stakeholders. The Phase 3 Instrument reports summarize analysis conducted by Climate Policy Initiative, as Lab Secretariat, to refine these initiatives and outline concrete implementation pathways.
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Reaching India's Renewable Energy Targets Cost-Effectively
Gireesh Shrimali, Sandhya Srinivasan, Shobhit Goel, Saurabh Trivedi and David NelsonApril 14, 2015The Government of India has ambitious renewable energy targets, but limited financial resources to meet those targets. CPI examines how much it would cost the government to reach its renewable energy targets, by comparing the levelized cost of electricity from renewable energy to a baseline fossil fuel in absence of any subsidies – whether explicit or implicit; estimating the total cost of support for renewable energy under accelerated depreciation, which is the most cost-effective of existing policies; and investigating federal policy options to make this support even more cost-effective.
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Lab Instrument Analysis: Climate Investor One
This report provides the analysis on Climate Investor One, a financing facility for early-stage development, construction financing, and refinancing to fast-track renewable energy projects in developing countries.
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Public Finance and Private Exploration in Geothermal: Gümüşköy Case Study, Turkey
Geothermal energy holds significant promise for the development of low-carbon energy systems. One of the lowest cost sources of renewable electricity, it also has the ability to meet baseload power demand and backstop fluctuating …
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Deforestation Slowdown in the Brazilian Amazon: Prices or Policies?
Juliano Assunção, Clarissa Gandour and Rudi RochaMarch 1, 2015This analysis, conducted by CPI/PUC-Rio, shows that conservation policies were effective at curbing Amazon deforestation, helping avoid an estimated 73,000 km² of Amazon forest clearings from 2005 through 2009.
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Improving Agricultural Productivity in Brazil: The Unmet Potential of Price Risk Policy
Juliano Assunção, Clarissa Gandour and Pedro HemsleyFebruary 25, 2015One crucial aspect of efficient land use is agricultural risk management, which includes protecting farmers from adverse shocks, such as unfavorable weather and pests, and from price risk caused by volatility in output prices. The latter is currently a major concern for Brazilian farmers and policymakers — not only because unmanaged price risk can result in low income for farmers, and thereby affect productivity, but moreover because it can restrict farmers’ ability to raise credit, which can affect agricultural growth more broadly.
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The Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance: Phase 2 Instrument and Synthesis Reports
Donovan Escalante, Arsalan Ali Farooquee, David Wang, Valerio Micale, Jeff Deason, Padraig Oliver, Martin Stadelmann, Chiara Trabacchi, Sarah Jo Szambelan, Angela Falconer, Gianleo Frisari, Fiona Messent and Federico MazzaNovember 24, 2014The Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance is a new, global initiative that draws on expertise from around the world to design and pilot the next generation of cutting edge climate finance instruments.
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Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2014
Barbara Buchner, Martin Stadelmann, Jane Wilkinson, Federico Mazza, Anja Rosenberg and Dario AbramskiehnNovember 20, 2014The Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2014 found that global climate finance flows fell to USD 331 billion – far below even the most conservative estimates of investment needs.
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San Giorgio Group Report: The Role of Public Finance in Deploying Geothermal - Background Paper
Geothermal energy is broadly cost competitive with fossil fuel alternatives even without a carbon price. However, its rate of deployment has been slower than other renewables over the last thirty years and will need to speed up rapidly if this technology is to deliver on its promise. In addition, geothermal technologies that can harness lower temperature geothermal resources need to achieve more deployment to bring costs down.
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Moving to a Low-Carbon Economy
David Nelson, Morgan Hervé-Mignucci, Andrew Goggins, Sarah Jo Szambelan and Julia ZuckermanOctober 8, 2014With the right policies, the transition to a low-carbon energy system consistent with avoiding the most damaging effects of climate change could free up trillions of dollars over the next 20 years to invest in better economic growth.
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Getting Greener by Going Black: The Priority Municipalities in Brazil
In 2007, 36 Brazilian municipalities were responsible for 45% of the deforestation in the Amazon Biome – an astonishing figure considering Brazil has 547 municipalities that transect the Biome. In 2008, the Brazilian Ministry of Environment set out to address this by blacklisting thirty-six municipalities, setting them as Municípios Prioritários (Priority Municipalities, or MPs).
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San Giorgio Group Brief: Early Lessons on Introducing Energy Performance Contracts in Italy - Milan's Energy Efficiency Program
Valerio Micale, Jeff Deason and Morgan Hervé-MignucciSeptember 3, 2014Governments around the world use energy performance contracts (EPCs) with energy service companies (ESCOs) to reduce the energy costs and carbon emissions of public buildings without any budget outlay on their part. This brief draws lessons from the first program of this kind in Italy to cover energy savings alone and introduce pure EPC on a regional scale.
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San Giorgio Group Brief: How Spain created a world-leading CSP industry then shattered investor confidence
Part of a series looking at the role of public finance in driving concentrated solar power (CSP) deployment and cost reductions, this report draws lessons from Spanish support policies which drove the creation of a world-leading industry and then shattered investor confidence through retroactive changes.
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What Is Climate Finance? Definitions to Improve Tracking and Scale Up
This brief explains CPI’s understanding and definition of key climate finance terms and the reasons for these definitions to inform the debate and build a common understanding among stakeholders.
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Landscape of Public Climate Finance in Indonesia
Irfa Ampri, Angela Falconer, Noeroso Wahyudi, Anja Rosenberg, Mochamad Bara Ampera, Skye Glenday and Jane WilkinsonJuly 23, 2014Indonesia’s desire to drive economic growth and reduce climate risk is reflected in the sweeping policy reforms it has introduced in recent years to meet targets announced in 2009 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this report, CPI identifies which public actors are investing in Indonesia, through which instruments, and what they are investing in to provide a baseline against which to measure progress and plan scale up. This mapping exercise reveals investment patterns that allow decision makers to pinpoint where the biggest barriers and opportunities are.
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Pemetaan Pendanaan Publik untuk Perubahan Iklim di Indonesia
Angela Falconer, Anja Rosenberg, Jane Wilkinson and Skye GlendayJuly 23, 2014Dalam laporan ini kami mengidentikasi para pelaku publik yang berinvestasi di Indonesia, instrumen yang digunakan, dan bentuk investasi yang dilakukan yang kemudian menjadi landasan untuk mengukur progress dan rencana pengembangan.
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Cap and Trade in Practice: Barriers and Opportunities for Industrial Emissions Reductions in California
Julia Zuckerman, Karen Laughlin, Dario Abramskiehn and Xueying WangJuly 1, 2014California is both one of the largest economies and one of the largest emitters globally, making its climate change policies some of the most important in the world. They are also some of the most ambitious. In particular, California’s Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB32) set a series of policies and programs across all major business sectors to return California emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. A key component of this set of policies is the Cap and Trade Program…
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Getting the most from your green: A case study for using public money effectively for large-scale renewable energy in California
Jeff Deason, Uday Varadarajan and Patricia LeviJuly 1, 2014This brief illustrates CPI’s approach to identifying effective uses of public financial interventions for low-carbon projects. It presents our analysis of the financial barriers affecting large-scale renewable energy in California.
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Land Rental Markets in Brazil: A Missed Opportunity
When compared with other countries, Brazil’s land rental markets fall short. Only 3.3% of Brazilian agricultural land was under lease or sharecropping contracts in the latest World Census of Agriculture. In contrast, this figure is about 33% in Europe and almost 38% in the United States. Considering Brazil’s large land area and the extensive portion of this area occupied by agriculture and pastures, the potential of land rentals to improve agricultural productivity is huge.
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San Giorgio Group Policy Brief: The Role of Public Finance in CSP - Lessons Learned
Martin Stadelmann, Gianleo Frisari and Anja RosenbergJune 23, 2014This study shows that if international finance institutions (IFIs) and committed national governments were to join forces to deploy 5-15GW of concentrated solar power (CSP), it could reduce its electricity production costs by around 14-44% and make CSP competitive in countries like Morocco and South Africa. With findings drawn from four case studies and background paper, this policy brief offers recommendations for IFIs and developing country policymakers on how to make this happen in the most cost-effective way.
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Roadmap to a Low Carbon Electricity System in the U.S. and Europe
Electricity systems across the U.S. and Europe face significant challenges in the transition to low-carbon energy. While the transition provides plenty of opportunities for investors, businesses, and consumers alike, the current business and regulatory models of investor owned utilities (IOUs) and independent power producers (IPPs), which have mainly developed around competitive markets for fossil fuel generation, are particularly ill-suited to take advantage of these new opportunities.
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San Giorgio Group Case Study: Eskom CSP 100MW plant, South Africa
Rodney Boyd, Anja Rosenberg and Andrew HobbsJune 13, 2014The 100 MW Eskom CSP power tower plant being developed in Upington by Eskom, South Africa’s state-owned electricity utility, is one of the most technically challenging of its kind under development outside of the US. It brings higher potential for cost reduction, building up local supply chains and promoting energy security than other CSP project currently under development in the country.
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Misreporting in wind power contracts: Evidence from a feed-in tariff in Brazil
While PROINFA – Brazil’s wind energy program – was successful in deploying energy to meet its goals – it accounted for much of the growth from 29 MW to 2,010 MW in installed wind capacity in Brazil between 2004 and 2012 – our analysis suggests that issues with the design of PROINFA’s contracts reduced the program’s cost-effectiveness.
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Operationalizing the Private Sector Facility of the Green Climate Fund: Addressing Investor Risk
Barbara Buchner, Martin Stadelmann and Jane WilkinsonApril 29, 2014This brief presents findings from a project that aims to support the Green Climate Fund in its design and operationalization of an innovative and effective Private Sector Facility. It was carried out in close partnership with the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment.
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Solving India’s Renewable Energy Financing Challenge: Instruments to Provide Low-cost, Long-term Debt
Gireesh Shrimali, Charith Konda and Sandhya SrinivasanApril 21, 2014In this paper, we explore financing instruments, used in other regions as well as those that were recently introduced in India in other contexts that have the potential to provide and/or facilitate low-cost, long-term debt for renewable energy in India.
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Solving India’s Renewable Energy Financing Challenge: Which Federal Policies can be Most Effective?
Gireesh Shrimali, Shobhit Goel, Sandhya Srinivasan and David NelsonMarch 24, 2014The Government of India has set ambitious targets for renewable energy — a doubling of existing renewable energy capacity to 55,000 MW by 2017. However, unsubsidized renewable energy is still 52-129% more expensive than conventional power, and requires policy support.
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San Giorgio Group Case Study: The Role of Public Finance in CSP - Rajasthan Sun Technique 100MW CSP plant, India
The 100MW Rajasthan Sun Technique CSP plant is not only the first linear Fresnel CSP plant in India and the largest in the world, it is also one of the cheapest large-scale CSP plants ever built. This case study finds that while Indian solar policy was essential to build this innovative plant it was not enough for India to deploy CSP plants at the desired level and speed.
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Finance Mechanisms for Lowering the Cost of Renewable Energy in Rapidly Developing Countries
David Nelson and Gireesh ShrimaliJanuary 20, 2014Renewable energy financing in emerging economies faces particularly daunting challenges, but there are creative policy solutions that could potentially reduce the cost of renewable energy support by as much as 30%.
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San Giorgio Group Brief: The Role of Public Finance in CSP - Background and Approach to Measuring Effectiveness
Martin Stadelmann, Gianleo Frisari, Rodney Boyd and Jacobo FeásJanuary 17, 2014Many experts and international institutions expect concentrated solar power (CSP) to supply up to 10% of global energy demand by 2050. However, today CSP’s costs remain above alternative sources of power and public finance is needed to bridge this gap: over 98% of the total investment in CSP to date has needed some form of public support. This brief, the first in series of reports on CSP, looks at the global landscape of CSP in terms of markets, technology, financing models, and policies to better understand how to structure effective and cost-effective public policies and investments.
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Opportunities for a Green Bank in California
Jeff Deason, Karen Laughlin, Patricia Levi, Sarah Jo Szambelan and Uday VaradarajanJanuary 15, 2014 -
Raising the Stakes for Energy Efficiency: California’s Risk/Reward Incentive Mechanism
Sangeetha Chandrashekeran, Julia Zuckerman and Jeff DeasonJanuary 14, 2014California has long been a leader in energy efficiency policy among U.S. states, and the Risk-Reward Incentive Mechanism (RRIM) represents a large-scale policy experiment that holds lessons for other jurisdictions dealing with energy efficiency policy design, especially those considering shareholder incentives. Our evaluation of the RRIM contributes to the debate on the effectiveness of shareholder incentives, providing insights on how program design choices and institutional dynamics contribute to policy outcomes.
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San Giorgio Group Case Study: Insights from Nepal's Pilot Program for Climate Resilience
Chiara Trabacchi and Martin StadelmannDecember 17, 2013In this San Giorgio Group Case Study, Climate Policy Initiative studies the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience to highlight early lessons from a project engaging private actors in building the resilience of Nepal’s agricultural sector. The overarching goal of this project is to establish models for climate-smart agriculture that make climate resilience a business proposition for the private actors involved, long beyond the project’s life.
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Production & Protection: A First Look at Key Challenges in Brazil
Juliano Assunção, Clarissa Gandour, Pedro Hemsley, Romero Rocha and Dimitri SzermanDecember 3, 2013We find that there is ample scope for enhanced protection of natural resources and growth of agricultural production in Brazil within a Production and Protection framework. From a protection standpoint, the country would benefit from developing mechanisms that significantly drive up the private cost of clearing native vegetation, as well as through the advancement of market-based incentives that promote sustainable practices. From a production standpoint, there is room to increase Brazilian agricultural production via productivity gains, at no apparent cost to environmental conservation.
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San Giorgio Group Case Study: Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership
Emissions from deforestation and forest degradation make up nearly one fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions and the estimated costs of halving emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by 2030 far exceed available public resources. This case study analyzes the Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership project in Indonesia to see what it can teach policymakers and investors about rehabilitating degraded peatland effectively, and what barriers need to be overcome to attract private investment at scale.
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High Productivity Agricultural Techniques in Brazil: Adoption Barriers and Potential Solutions
A no-till farming method called the Direct Planting System (DPS) is one of the most important developments in agriculture in the past decades. Farmers who adopt the DPS produce higher crop yields at a lower cost while generating lower carbon emissions from their farming, outcomes that benefit both farmers and the climate. Adoption of the DPS does not have any relevant upfront costs and results in more reliable yields than traditional farming. However, nearly forty years after the introduction of the DPS in Southern Brazil (in 1971), adoption levels remain very low throughout the country.
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California Carbon Dashboard
California Carbon Dashboard is a new, beta website that offers an overview of AB32 and California climate policies, including carbon price tracking, news aggregation, and interactive graphics.
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Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2013
Barbara Buchner, Morgan Hervé-Mignucci, Chiara Trabacchi, Jane Wilkinson, Martin Stadelmann, Rodney Boyd, Federico Mazza, Angela Falconer and Valerio MicaleOctober 22, 2013The Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2013, found that global climate finance flows plateaued at USD 359 billion, or around USD 1 billion per day – far below even the most conservative estimates of investment needs.
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Mapping the World Bank Group Risk Mitigation Instruments for Climate Change
Valerio Micale, Gianleo Frisari and Federico MazzaSeptember 26, 2013In this study, CPI provides an overview of general risk coverage offered through the WBG’s various member institutions, potential gaps compared to existing demand, and trends of risk coverage commitments for climate change.
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San Giorgio Group Case Study: Jädraås Onshore Windfarm
CPI describes how a combination of public policies and financial instruments, and robust private risk management measures mobilized EUR 360 million of private investment in Scandinavian Europe’s largest windfarm, delivering power to 100,000 homes.
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The Role of Development Finance Institutions and Development Banks in Scaling Up Green and Climate Investments
Barbara Buchner, Chiara Trabacchi, Claire Painter and Jane WilkinsonSeptember 4, 2013Drawing on analysis carried out by CPI, representatives of these organizations agreed to collaborate more closely on priority issues, such as driving more private investment, reducing perceived and actual investment risk, changing investment policies to move away from fossil-fuel projects, and creating more transparency on financial flows and best practice.
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Improving Solar Policy: Lessons from the solar leasing boom in California
Andrew Hobbs, Elinor Benami and Uday VaradarajanJuly 25, 2013Most homeowners in California are no longer purchasing the panels on their rooftops, they are leasing them. Over 75% of California’s new residential solar systems in 2012 were leased as compared to less than 10% in 2007. As policymakers across the country and elsewhere look to spur further growth of solar PV in a constrained budget environment, the California experience — and in particular, the rise of leasing — may hold lessons for improving the effectiveness of solar policy generally.
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Using Data Tools to Optimize Indonesia’s Land Resources: An Overview of Natural Capital Assessment
This brief distills the elements of natural capital assessment process, highlights a few cases of existing, related experience and tools from around the world; and situates the discussion in the context of Indonesia’s development goals and pressures.
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Targeting Proposition 39 to Help California’s Schools Save Energy and Money
Julia Zuckerman, Jeff Deason and Elinor BenamiMay 21, 2013California policymakers are considering how to allocate Proposition 39 funds — an estimated $2.75 billion over five years — to support energy efficiency and clean energy projects in K-12 schools and other public buildings. Proposition 39 presents a substantial opportunity to help school districts save energy and money. In order to inform the ongoing discussion, Climate Policy Initiative analyzed existing resources and gaps in financing for energy-saving projects in K-12 school districts.
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DETERring Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Environmental Monitoring and Law Enforcement
Juliano Assunção, Clarissa Gandour and Romero RochaMay 8, 2013We estimate that DETER-based environmental monitoring and law enforcement policies prevented the clearing of over 59,500 km2 of Amazon forest area from 2007 through 2011. Deforestation observed during this period totaled 41,500 km2 – 59% less than in the absence of the policy change. We also find that the policy change had no impact on agricultural production.
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The Policy Climate
In The Policy Climate, we offer an overview of policy issues relevant to climate change across the world. We find that the implementation of policy relevant to climate change, and its impact, accelerated markedly over the last decade, despite the slow pace of international climate negotiations.
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Buildings Energy Efficiency in China, Germany, and the United States
Hermann Amecke, Jeff Deason, Andrew Hobbs, Aleksandra Novikova, Yang Xiu and Zhang ShengyuanApril 9, 2013This report compares energy efficiency policy in buildings in China, Germany, and the United States, providing the context for, and describing, policies in these three countries in order to lay the groundwork for future review of policy effectiveness.
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The Role of National Development Banks in Catalyzing International Climate Finance
March 27, 2013National Development Banks (NDBs) can play a big role in climate finance. In many cases, they already are: In CPI’s most recent estimate, NDBs, together with bilateral financial institutions, raised and channeled USD 54 billion in 2010/2011 to renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other climate-related measures.
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The Challenge of Institutional Investment in Renewable Energy
Institutional investors, which together manage assets of over $70 trillion, often have investment objectives that are aligned with the investment profile of infrastructure. At first glance, access to this large pool of capital and the alignment of objectives should help lower the costs of financing renewable energy. In this study, CPI finds that while these investors could supply a significant share of the total required investment, various factors limit the extent to which they can invest in a way that could lower the cost of financing renewable energy. Furthermore, financial regulation of institutional investors, regulation of energy markets, and renewable energy policy, often create additional obstacles to renewable energy investment.
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Does Credit Affect Deforestation? Evidence from a Rural Credit Policy in the Brazilian Amazon
Juliano Assunção, Clarissa Gandour, Romero Rocha and Rudi RochaJanuary 29, 2013Does Credit Affect Deforestation? takes a look at Resolution 3,545, which placed conditions on farmers seeking rural credit concessions in the Brazilian Amazon Biome. Our analysis suggests that Resolution 3,545 helped curb deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon Biome. We estimate that the resolution prevented approximately BRL 2.9 billion (USD 1.4 billion) in loans from 2008 through 2011. This reduction in credit in turn prevented over 2,700 km2 of forest area from being cleared, which represents a 15% decrease in deforestation in the biome during the period.
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Risk Gaps
Gianleo Frisari, Morgan Hervé-Mignucci, Valerio Micale and Federico MazzaJanuary 21, 2013Risk — whether real or perceived — is the single most important factor preventing renewable energy projects from finding financial investors, or raising the returns that these investors demand. It is also one thing that policymakers can cause, control, alleviate, or help mitigate. In a series of three studies, titled Risk Gaps, CPI maps the availability of risk instruments against demand and analyzes several new, potential instruments designed to address the biggest gaps: first-loss protection instruments and policy risk insurance.
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Effective Green Financing: What have we learned so far?
Barbara Buchner, Thomas C. Heller and Jane WilkinsonDecember 11, 2012Overall, while policies and public resources are affecting the performance of investments in ways consistent with low carbon growth, more action is required to help private actors overcome real and perceived risks — in developing and developed markets — and deliver green investments at large scale.
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Meeting India’s Renewable Energy Targets: The Financing Challenge
David Nelson, Gireesh Shrimali, Shobhit Goel, Charith Konda and Raj KumarDecember 5, 2012The cost and terms of the debt available in India to finance wind and solar projects is a major problem, increasing the cost of renewable energy by up to a third compared to similar projects in the U.S. and Europe.
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Falling Short: An Evaluation of the Indian Renewable Certificate Market
Gireesh Shrimali, Sumala Tirumalachetty and David NelsonDecember 5, 2012We evaluate the effectiveness of Indian REC markets against eight government objectives and find that this program is not likely to achieve government objectives.
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Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2012
Barbara Buchner, Angela Falconer, Morgan Hervé-Mignucci and Chiara TrabacchiDecember 3, 2012Global annual investment to curb climate change reached approximately USD 364 billion in 2010/2011. This amount, while significant, falls short of most estimates of investment needed to limit global warming to two degrees Celsius.
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German Landscape of Climate Finance
Ingmar Juergens, Hermann Amecke, Rodney Boyd, Barbara Buchner, Aleksandra Novikova, Anja Rosenberg, Kateryna Stelmakh and Alexander VasaNovember 30, 2012By compiling data from a wide range of sources, we create the most comprehensive snapshot to-date of the current state of German climate finance. Our research suggests that EUR 37 billion, or 1.5% of GDP, was invested in 2010 to support the German transition to a low-carbon economy. The private sector provided more than 95% of this finance.
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Die deutsche Landschaft der Klimafinanzierung
Ingmar Juergens, Hermann Amecke, Rodney Boyd, Barbara Buchner, Aleksandra Novikova, Anja Rosenberg, Kateryna Stelmakh and Alexander VasaNovember 29, 2012Als fuehrende Kraft in Europas Entwicklung hin zur schadstoffarmen Gesellschaft hat Deutschland ehrgeizige Ziele für seinen Beitrag zum globalen Kampf gegen den Klimawandel gesetzt. Die Erreichung dieser Ziele erfordert erhebliche Investitionen in erneuerbare Energien, Energieeffizienz und andere Massnahmen zur Verringerung von Treibhausgasemissionen. Mit Hilfe von Daten aus einer Vielzahl von Quellen geben wir in in unserem Bericht den derzeit umfassendsten Ueberblick über den aktuellen Stand der deutschen Klimafinanzierung. Unsere Untersuchungen fuer das Jahr 2010 zeigen, dass 37 Milliarden Euro oder 1,5% des BIP in den Übergangs zu einer kohlenstoffarmen Wirtschaft investiert wurden.
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Tracking Emissions and Mitigation Actions: Learning from MRV Systems in China, Germany, Italy, and the United States
Angela Falconer, Pat Hogan, Valerio Micale, Alexander Vasa, Yu Yuqing (Ariel), Xuehua Zhang, Xiaolu Zhao and Julia ZuckermanNovember 27, 2012CPI has engaged in an effort to characterize, evaluate, and draw insights from existing domestic MRV systems for emissions and mitigation actions in four of the major emitters – China, Germany, Italy, and the United States.
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Clearing the Air: Carbon Pricing and Local Air Pollution in California
Andrew Hobbs and Kath RowleySeptember 21, 2012This report examines how industrial facilities respond to cap and trade, and shows that the most likely responses will reduce air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions. This is supported by evidence that Europe’s cap and trade system has reduced local air pollution from oil refineries and other industrial facilities.
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Supporting Renewables While Saving Taxpayers Money
Uday Varadarajan, Andrew Hobbs and Kath RowleySeptember 16, 2012Renewable energy deployment in the United States is booming. Though this growth was financed largely through private investment, state and federal policies have played a key role. This report shows the federal government could sustain support for wind and solar at much lower cost to taxpayers by replacing current tax credits with cash incentives.
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San Giorgio Group Case Study: Ouarzazate I CSP
Angela Falconer and Gianleo FrisariAugust 28, 2012Ouarzazate I is a 160MW Concentrated Solar Power plant in Morocco, generously supported by a subsidy from the Government of Morocco and concessional capital from international development banks. Ouarzazate I only makes economic sense if it contributes to the development of a commercially-sustainable regional Concentrated Solar Power market. Projects like Ouarzazate I play a crucial bridging role but, in order to scale-up projects like these, costs need to fall and revenues need to grow.
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Public Climate Finance: A Survey of Systems to Monitor and Evaluate Climate Finance Effectiveness
Barbara Buchner, Angela Falconer, Chiara Trabacchi and Jane WilkinsonJuly 18, 2012This paper examines the M&E systems applied by a selection of eight multilateral and bilateral intermediaries, as well as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change reporting framework. It was originally developed as a background paper for ‘Improving the Effectiveness of Climate Finance: Key Lessons’, a joint study by a consortium of researchers from Environmental Defense Fund, Climate Policy Initiative, Brookings Institution, and Overseas Development Institute on the topic of the effectiveness of climate finance published in November 2011.
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Limiting the Cost of Renewables - Lessons for California
June 4, 2012To support CPUC in the development of a cost limitation for California’s RPS, Climate Policy Initiative reviewed experience in a number of states with costs limits in renewable energy policies. Our qualitative analysis reveals several general lessons about cost limits and their role in renewable energy policy, and points to recommendations for California.
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San Giorgio Group Case Study: Walney Offshore Windfarms
Walney Offshore Windfarms (WOW) in the U.K., the largest offshore windfarm in the world in 2012, faced financing challenges because of the risks associated with this immature though promising technology and the escalating European debt crisis. Through a combination of U.K. policy support and innovative financial engineering, the project was successful in attracting nontraditional investors including a pension and a private equity fund.
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San Giorgio Group Case Study: Prosol
Chiara Trabacchi, Valerio Micale and Gianleo FrisariJune 1, 2012Program Solaire (Prosol) is an incentive program that promotes residential solar water heaters in Tunisia. In the early 2000s, the deployment of solar water heaters remained low due to fossil fuel subsidies. The Tunisian government had attempted to discontinue the fossil fuel subsidies, but a public outcry caused policymakers to abandon this course of action.
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Energy, the U.S. Budget, and Climate Change
This paper puts these programs in the broader context of energy-related activities in the federal budget and provides a starting point for further discussion and analysis of the federal government’s role in energy and climate change. We outline the landscape of federal spending and revenue collection activities that substantially influence energy supply or use in 2010, organized by the type of policy tool or mechanism supported.
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Deforestation Slowdown in the Brazilian Amazon: Prices or Policies?
Juliano Assunção, Clarissa Gandour and Rudi RochaMarch 21, 2012Brazilian deforestation rates fell from 27,000 km2 in 2004 to 7,000 km2 at the end of the decade. Results indicate that the conservation policies associated with the policy turning points were effective at curbing Amazon deforestation, helping avoid an estimated 73,000 km2 of Amazon forest clearings from 2005 through 2009. This is equivalent to approximately 2.7 billion tons of stored CO2, which our estimates value at 13.2 billion US dollars.
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European Electricity Infrastructure: Planning, Regulation, and Financing
Karsten Neuhoff, Rodney Boyd and Jean-Michel GlachantJanuary 24, 2012 -
The San Giorgio Group Inaugural Meeting: Proposed Analytical Program
On October 16th and 17th, 2011, Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) and the World Bank Group, in collaboration with China Light & Power (CLP) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), hosted the inaugural meeting of the San Giorgio Group (SGG).
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Improving the Effectiveness of Climate Finance
Jessica Brown, Barbara Buchner, Gernot Wagner, Katherine Sierra, Miriam Chaum, Chris Faris, Angela Falconer and Chiara TrabacchiNovember 23, 2011A joint study by Environmental Defense Fund, Climate Policy Initiative, Brookings Institution, and Overseas Development Institute.
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Annual Review of Low-Carbon Development in China (2011-2012)
This review explores China’s low-carbon development efforts under the 11th FYP period. What drove the decline in energy intensity? How did government actions contribute to this decline? What are the implications of China’s experience for the 12th FYP?
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The Landscape of Climate Finance
October 1, 2011In this paper, CPI assesses the current status of the climate finance landscape, mapping its magnitude and nature along the life cycle of finance flows, i.e. the sources of finance, intermediaries involved in distribution, financial instruments, and final uses.
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The Impacts of Policy on the Financing of Renewable Projects: A Case Study Analysis
Uday Varadarajan, David Nelson and Morgan Hervé-MignucciOctober 1, 2011CPI studied six large-scale renewable electricity generation projects in the United States and Europe to evaluate how policy affects project economics, as well as the cost and availability of financing.
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Smart Power Market Project
Decarbonizing the EU power system involves more than investment in generation and grid – it requires a smart power market as well. A new study led by CPI shows that the current EU power market design does not effectively support European member states’ plan to connect 200GW of wind and solar power to the transmission system by 2020.
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The German Energy Concept: Policies to Support the Thermal Retrofit of Buildings
Efficiency improvements in the building sector are a key component of the German Energy Concept. The stated objective of the Concept is a 20% reduction in the heat requirement of buildings by 2020, so as to achieve an 80% reduction in the primary energy requirement by 2050. In these CPI reports and briefs, CPI analysis addresses questions emerging from the review of policy instruments and programs focused on this objective.
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Codes to Cleaner Buildings: Effectiveness of U.S. Building Energy Codes
In this paper, Climate Policy Initiative San Francisco assesses the impact of state energy codes using residential energy use data at the state level. By conducting a regression analysis comparing states with building energy codes to those without, CPI SF measures the realized energy savings of energy codes and compares them to existing estimates based on building simulation models.
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Energiekonzept: Instrumente für energetische Sanierungen
Karsten Neuhoff, Hermann Amecke, Aleksandra Novikova and Kateryna StelmakhAugust 1, 2011Die Steigerung der Energieeffizienz im Gebäudesektor steht im Zentrum des Energiekonzepts der Bundesregierung. Dort ist das Ziel festgeschrieben, den Wärmebedarfs um 20% bis 2020 zu reduzieren, um anschließend eine Verringerung des Primärenergiebedarfs um 80% bis 2050 zu erreichen. In den vorliegenden Studien analysiert CPI Fragen zu Politikinstrumenten zur Erreichung dieser Ziele.
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Renewable Energy Financing and Climate Policy Effectiveness
Uday Varadarajan, David Nelson and Anne SchoppJuly 1, 2011CPI’s Renewable Energy Finance project assesses the impact of policy on the availability and mix of investment in renewable energy.
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Impact of Reductions and Exemptions in Energy Taxes and Levies
Anja Rosenberg, Anne Schopp, Karsten Neuhoff and Alexander VasaJune 1, 2011In this report, CPI studied the impact of four German energy policies and their related exemptions for industry, differentiated by the size of the firm and the industrial sub-sector.
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An Assessment of the Impact of Policy on the Financing of Clean Energy: Project Overview
CPI’s assessment of the impact of policy on the financing of clean energy aims to investigate the effectiveness of policy in promoting efficient investment.
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The Role of Government Policy in the Development of Solar Photovoltaic Power: Project Overview
CPI’s focus in this project has been on the effectiveness of policy in helping PV reach its technical potential. In this project overview, we address several of the major questions that policymakers face in their effort to make PV more cost competitive.
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PV Industry and Policy in Germany and China
In this paper, CPI provides an overview of the PV industry and policies in Germany and China, including deployment support, investment support for manufacturing plants, and R&D support measures.
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Review of Low-Carbon Development in China 2010
China’s 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) set a target to reduce energy intensity by 20% from 2005 levels. Climate Policy Initiative’s “Review of Low-Carbon Development in China 2010” discusses China’s energy performance in key sectors, describes the policies and instruments implemented to meet this target, and provides initial insights that may be valuable as China enters its 12th FYP period.
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Carbon Pricing Project
To drive low-carbon investment, policy frameworks must capture companies’ attention, provide clarity for business decisions, and enable low-carbon investment decisions. CPI and Climate Strategies’ recent joint study indicates that the EU ETS contributes to these requirements, but it also suggests that improvements such as increasing stringency, limiting CDM use, changes in international financial reporting standards, and complementary policies are needed.
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The State of International Climate Finance: Is it Adequate and Is It Productive?
December 1, 2010On the 14th of October 2010, Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) and the International Center for Climate Governance (ICCG) in collaboration with the Euro-Mediterranean Centre for Climate Change (CMCC) hosted a workshop to convene key players in climate finance. The workshop provided a platform for policymakers and experts from research organizations and finance institutions active along the spectrum of public and private finance issues to initiate a concrete dialogue on climate finance.
